close1RT While we're still children, most of us live at home with our parents more or less peacefully, but as we become teenagers, things change, and we all know the sort of difficulties we're likely to have. What's happening is that we're beginning to grow apart from our parents. We're a new generation that's almost ready to be independent, to leave the home where we grew up and make a new home of our own.
青少年的需求
小的时候，绝大多数人和父母住在一起大抵能相安无事。但进入青少年时代，一切就起了变化。我们大家也都知道大概会碰到一些什么困难：我们跟父母越来越疏远。我们是即将独立的新一代。我们即将离开我们长大成人的家庭，建立自己的小家庭。close2RT All human beings must grow up, but we don't all do it in the same way. Suppose, for instance, we belonged to a primitive tribe (部落). There, as we grew up, we'd learn the skills we needed as adults — how to hunt or fish, how to keep house and look after children. In our early teens, we'd be ready to marry and set up house near our family in the village we knew.
人人都要长大，但我们成长的方式各有不同。比如说，假如我们生长在一个原始部落里，我们就会在成长的过程中学会长大成人后所需具备的技能：如何狩猎捕鱼，如何持家和养育孩子。十几岁时就可以结婚并在我们父母家附近，我们熟知的村庄里建立家庭。close3RT We call this a primitive way of life but it's what human beings have adapted to through hundreds of thousands of years. And it's what we are still adapted to in the 21st century; for man hasn't changed much in the short time since he became civilized.
我们把这种生活称作原始的生活方式，但成千上万年来人们适应了这种方式。二十一世纪我们依然习惯这种生活方式。人在进入文明之后的短时间内实在是没有太大的变化呀！close4RT However, could we leave home and look after ourselves at puberty (发育期，青春期)? Most people in the so-called civilized countries wouldn't do very well. For, even if man hasn't changed, the society he lives in has changed enormously (巨大地), and we've more and more to learn before we're ready to leave our parents' shelter.
但是，进入青春期后我们就可以离家自立了吗？很多在所谓文明国家中的人并不见得能完全做到。因为即使人的变化不大，他赖以生存的这个社会却已经发生了很大的变化，我们在离开父母的庇护前要学会的东西也越来越多。close5RT Think what we've learnt by puberty. We've learnt to read and write. We've learnt to use figures, to use money to buy things we need. We've learnt to use such things as radios, cooking-stoves (烹饪用的炉子), buses, trains.
想一想我们到了青春期时学到了什么？我们学会了读书和写字。我们学会了使用数字计算，用钱买我们所需的东西。我们也学会了使用收音机、灶具，学会了搭乘公共汽车还有火车。close6RT All the same, at puberty we still don't know enough.
We may be very nearly adult human beings, but we're certainly not adult members of society. We've still a lot to learn, and while we learn it, we still need shelter — so we usually live on in our parents' home.
不过，到了青春期我们所学到的东西仍然是远远不够的。我们也许接近成年，但我们显然还不是社会的成年成员。我们还有很多东西要学。当我们学习的时候，我们仍需要庇护所，所以我们一般还与父母同住。close7RT No wonder, then, there are difficulties. Physically, we become adults younger and younger. Socially, we become adults older and older. And the more ambitious we are about what we want to do in life, the more we must learn, and the longer we need support.
这样就理所当然地出现了问题。从身体发育的角度来看，我们成熟得越来越早，而从适应社会的角度来说，我们成熟得越来越晚。我们的人生抱负越大，我们要学得的就越多，我们依赖父母的时间就更长。close8RT No wonder teenagers feel frustrated, restless, rebellious.
怪不得青少年常感到沮丧和不安，常存有叛逆心理。close9RT Here is what a teenaged girl, Marjorie, said about this time in her life: %usual way. My parents weren't any worse or any better than most parents. When I was about fourteen, my parents would let me go round to a girlfriend's house and get home late, or stay up to watch a midnight movie on television, but if I wanted to go to a dance or a party, they made me return home by ten o'clock.
一个名叫玛乔丽的少女是这样描述她自己这一人生阶段的：\我想一开始一切还算正常。我的父母跟其他大多数的父母差不多。我十四岁左右时，我的父母会让我去女性朋友的家，晚回家或者熬夜看电视上的午夜节目。但如果我去舞会或晚会，他们规定我在十点前必须回家。\\was scared of them being annoyed with me, so I used to try and be in on time, but sometimes things didn't always work out like that and if I was later than they said, they were furious. My mother would sit up with a furious expression on her face whatever time of the night it was and she'd terrify me so much that it wouldn't happen again for ages.\
\我非常怕他们生我的气，所以我尽量准时回家，但有时做不到。假如我比他们规定的时间晚了，他们会很生气。不管几点妈妈都不上床睡觉，怒气冲冲地坐在那里。我实在怕死了，所以好久都不敢再很晚回家。\girlfriends were going through the same sort of thing, but as she got older, things became worse. Her parents refused to give her the house-key and she had to wake them at whatever time she got home. Once, her father came to a dance and dragged her out while she was dancing.
玛乔丽的大多数朋友都有过类似的经历。但她长大些以后，情况变得更糟。她的父母不给她房门的钥匙，她什么时候回家都必须叫醒他们。有一次，她的父亲竟到一个舞会上，把正在跳舞的她拖了出来。close12RT %unnaturally (违反常规的，反常的) tight rein (缰绳) on me. She was always very
possessive and, whereas my girlfriends' parents treated them as friends, I was never allowed to think for myself. My mother would tell me when to have a bath, what to wear, when to wear it. She was over-protective (过于爱护备至的). When I started going out with Jim, she didn't trust me an inch. She wanted to know where we were going, when we were coming back and where she could get hold of me.
\?我妈妈对我的管束实在严得不行。她非常专制。我那些朋友的父母将儿女当朋友，而我的父母从来就不让我独立思考。我妈妈规定我什么时候洗澡，穿什么衣服以及什么时候穿。她对我过度保护。当我开始和吉姆约会的时候，她压根儿就对我没有一丁点儿的信任。她要知道我们去哪里，几时回来，在哪里可以找到我。\具有讽刺意味的) thing, of course, is that my friends' parents were more lenient (宽厚的，仁慈的), and yet it was me who ended up in trouble.\
Unit 3
T Personality Development
This text is taken and adapted from Creative Living, 6th edition. Glencoe / McGraw-Hill. 1997.
close1RT People come in all shapes and sizes. They also come with distinctive personalities. The combination of characteristics that makes you different from every other person is your personality.
个性的培养
人有高矮胖瘦，个性也各不相同。你的个性就是你与其他人不同之处的综合特征。close2RT One's personality can be summed up in a word. People might say that Harry is shy; Tasha is aggressive; and Shannon is outgoing. Actually, personalities are more complex than this. A closer look at personalities will show you why they are not so simple, and you will also discover that your personality can be shaped if you make the effort.
一个人的个性可以用一个词语来描述。人们可以说，哈里性格害羞内向；塔莎则争强好胜；而香农则友好外向。实际上，人的性格远比这些词语的描述复杂得多。仔细观察一下人们的性格，你便会注意到人的个性并不是那么简单，你也会发现只要付出努力，你就有可能改变你的个性。close3RT A person's personality is composed of many elements. These elements, in general, fall into three categories—emotional, social, and intellectual.
人的个性由许多元素组成。一般来说，这些元素可分成三类：情感元素、社交元素和智能元素。close4RT Every person feels the same basic emotions, such as fear, happiness, anxiety and pain, yet each responds to them individually. When Kara's
grandmother died, for example, her sorrow was expressed through tears. Another person might show the same kind of sorrow in a quiet, reflective way. Similarly, when you hear a piece of good news, you may jump up with joy and may immediately decide to throw a party for your classmates and friends to share your happiness and joy; another person may just keep the good news to himself or herself and just enjoy the happiness secretly. As you observe how people handle their emotions, you start to form a picture of this part of their personality.
虽然每个人都会感受到一些同样的基本情感，譬如恐惧、幸福、忧虑和痛苦，但每个人对这些情感的反应都不一样。例如当卡拉的祖母去世时，她以哭泣表达她的哀痛；另一个人却可能以静默、思考的方式寄托哀思。同样，听到一个好消息时，你也许会高兴得跳起来，立刻决定举办一个聚会，与同学和朋友分享你的幸福和喜悦；另一个人则可能不和别人分享这个消息，只是独自品味快乐。当你观察一个人怎么处理他的情感时，你将会对他在这一方面的个性有所了解。close5RT People are also different in how they relate to others. This reveals the social side of their personality, and there are plenty of variations. Some people prefer the company of others rather than being alone. We say they are sociable. Others are just the opposite. Most people want some combination of the two.
人们也以不同的方式与他人交往，表现出他们各不相同的社交方面的个性。有些人比较喜欢与人为伴而不喜欢独处，我们说他们是社交型的；还有些人则正好相反；大多数人都希望自己的性格是二者的综合。close6RT Intellectual traits are the third part of personality. These qualities are influenced by the mind and how it works. One person may prefer spending his spare time in deep thought. Another may be more creative. Jake, for example, often has people in his class laughing. He sees humor in almost everything and is able to express it in entertaining ways.
智力特征是个性的第三元素，这些特征受大脑及其运作方式的影响。有的人也许喜欢在空余时间独自沉思，另一些人也许比较有创造性。例如杰克，他时常开玩笑使全班同学开怀大笑，他能看到每一件事有趣的一面并以幽默的方式表达出来。close7RT The emotional, social, and intellectual traits of personality become apparent to others through behavior. Usually you need to get to know a person well enough before you can discover the full depth of that person's personality.
人们的情感、社交和智力的个性特征通过行为明显地表达出来，通常你得先深入地了解一个人后才能发现他的性格特征。close8RT When you start thinking about what you are like, you may start wondering why you are that way. Explaining why personalities develop as they do is not easy. That is because two influences are at work: heredity and environment. And no one really knows which one has the greater effect. In fact, the combination of these influences may not be the same for every person.
当你开始考虑自己的性格时，你也许会对自己的行为疑惑不解。解释人的个性是如何发展的显然并非易事，那是因为遗传因素和环境因素同时在起作用，但是却
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