[考研类试卷]考研英语(翻译)模拟试卷27.doc

[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷27

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

0 The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed. 【F1】The underlying assumption in \new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.【F2】The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management. It is my contention that \countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.

【F3】The fundamental flaw is that \colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries. Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which \training and ending with application, is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained.

Clearly, technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called \countries. This approach contains the following features:

Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a

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practical situation.【F5】The problem of internal \for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists; means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.

1 【F1】

2 【F2】

3 【F3】

4 【F4】

5 【F5】

5 【F1】When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.

【F2】The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease' s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs

naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.【F3】This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.

There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4】On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's

death.【F5】Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if

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the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead.

Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.

6 【F1】

7 【F2】

8 【F3】

9 【F4】

10 【F5】

10 【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically

synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.

【F2】The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation, the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are

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