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专题18 阅读理解（科普类）
1.C【2019·全国I】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. C. To replace the password system.
B. To improve accuracy in typing D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？ A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll. A. It'll be environment-friendly. C. It'll be made of plastics
B. It'll reach consumers soon. D. It'll help speed up typing.
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31. Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary.
B. A guidebook
C. A novel.
D. A magazine.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。目前,数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人,为网络空间用户保护隐私。
28. D 细节理解题。由第一段“At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”和第二段的“they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.”可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29. C 推理判断题。由第二段“These patterns are unique to each person. Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities”可知,因为每个人的打字方式不同,使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30. B 推理判断题。由最后一段“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日上市,也就是希望早日到达消费者手中。故选B。
31. D 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是科技说明文,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。故选D。 2.D【2019·全国II】
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These
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kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. 32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station? A. They are hard to get rid of. C. They appear different forms.
B. They lead to air pollution. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program? A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program? A. Check their product. C. Adjust work schedules.
35. What is the best title for the text? A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier. C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform. 【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术,把空间技术与带进课堂,与学校教育相结合,从而最终影响到大学入学。
32. A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts…cleaning them up each week.”可知,细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长,宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知, A项符合题意。
33. D推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知,Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知,学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH program的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。可知选D。
B. Guide project designs D. Grade their homework.
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B. To sharpen students’ communication skills. D. To link space technology with school education
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34. A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then…It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知,NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意,故选A。
35. B主旨大意题。本文介绍了HUNCH项目把如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术引入Gordon学校的课堂,参与宇航员航天课题研究的情况,因此《太空：最后的作业前沿》能全面概括文章的意思,故选B。 3.D【2019·全国III】
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
\n way quantity is represented in their brains, \this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.” 32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them? A. They fed them. C. They trained them.
B. They named them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment? A. By drawing a circle.
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B. By touching a screen.
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C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys? A. They could perform basic addition. C. They could memorize numbers easily.
B. They could understand simple words. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A. Entertainment.
B. Health.
C. Education.
D. Science.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇指出猴子对数字有一定的概念,随后研究人员进行了一系列的实验来验证这一理论。他们发现,猴子不仅能记住简单的数字,还能进行一定的运算。
32. C细节理解题。由第二段第一句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.”可知,研究人员在正式对猴子进行实验前事先对猴子做了相关方面的训练,故选C。
33. B 细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice”可知,猴子在实验中通过触摸相应数字对应区域的屏幕来得到奖励,故选B。
34. A推理判断题。由第四段“... indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.”可知,大量实验结果表明,猴子不仅仅是记住每种数字组合相加的结果值,而是可以完成进一步的简单计算,故选A。
35. D推理判断题。文章首先给出了一个关于猴子对数字有一定概念的结论,随后介绍了研究人员对猴子进行的数学实验的步骤及实验现象,这一类主题一般不在环境、健康板块,而相比教育,科研板块更符合文章实验研究的性质,故选D。 4.C【2019·浙江卷】
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has
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