第七章 新生儿与新生儿疾病(The seventh chapter, neonatal and neonatal diseases)

第七章 新生儿与新生儿疾病（The seventh chapter, neonatal and

neonatal diseases）

The seventh chapter of the newborn and neonatal disease.Txt you can't change others, but you can change yourself; you can't change the weather, but you can change the mood; you can't change the length of life, but you can expand the width of it. The seventh chapter, neonatal and neonatal diseases

The first section is an overview

Newborn (neonate) refers to a baby who is ligated from the umbilical cord to 28 days after birth. Neonatology is the study of physiology, pathology, disease prevention and health care of the newborn. Which category of Pediatrics neonatology,

It has developed rapidly in recent decades and has gradually become an independent discipline. The newborn is a continuation of the fetus, which is closely related to obstetrics and, therefore, is part of perinatology.

. Perinatal medicine is the study of fetal birth affect fetal and neonatal health before and after a course, obstetrics, neonatology and related to genetic, biochemical, immunological, biomedical engineering and other fields, is an

interdisciplinary subject, and improve the quality of the population and reduce the perinatal death rate is closely related to. Perinatal period (perinatalperiod) refers to a particular period of prenatal, postnatal, and postnatal period.

As countries vary widely in health care, their definitions are different. There are four kinds of definitions of current international: since 28 weeks of pregnancy (the fetal weight about 1000 grams) to 7 days after birth; from the 20 weeks of pregnancy (the fetal weight about 500 grams) to 28 to 28 days of pregnancy after birth after 28 days; the embryo formation to 7 days after birth. The first definition is adopted in our country. Perinatal babies are referred to as perinatal infants because of their rapid intrauterine growth and development,

As well as the transition from the uterus to the extrauterine environment, the mortality and morbidity are at the top of the human life, especially within 24 hours after birth.

[neonatal classification]

There are different methods for neonatal classification according to the relationship between gestational age, birth weight, birth weight, gestational age, and gestational age.

1, according to gestational age, the gestational age (gestationalage, GA) ranges from the last 1 normal menstrual periods to first days before delivery, usually expressed in weeks. The full-term infants (fullterminfant) less than GA<42 weeks:37 weeks (259 ~ 293 days) of the newborn; the preterm infants (preterminfant):GA<37 weeks (<259 days) of the newborn; the posttern (post term infant):GA over 42 weeks (294 days) of the newborn.

2, according to birth weight, birth weight (birthweight, BW) refers to birth weight within 1 hours. Low birth weight [(low

birth weight, LBW): BW<2500g, which BW<1500g said very low birth weight (very low birth weight, VLBW BW<1000g), said the extremely low birth weight (extremely low birth weight, ELBW). Most of the LDW infants were premature and full-term or has expired for gestational age; the normal birth weight (normal birth, weight, NBW): BW is more than 2500g and less than or equal to 4000g; the great (macrosomia): BW>4000g.

3, according to the relationship between birth weight and gestational age, (small, for, gestational, age, SGA),, BW in the same gestational age, and infants under tenth percentile of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age, are classified as follows (Figs 7 - 1);

②适于胎龄（适于胎龄，艾贾）儿：BW在同胎龄儿平均体重的第10至90百分位之间的婴儿；③大于（胎龄，1arge LGA）儿：BW在同胎龄儿平均体重的第90百分位以上的婴儿。

我国15城市不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值见表7-1。

4。根据出生后周龄分类①早期新生儿（早期新生儿）：生后1周以内的新生儿，也属于围生儿。其发病率和死亡率在整个新生儿期最高，需要加强监护和护理；②晚期新生儿（晚期新生儿）：出生后第2周至第4周末的新生儿。

5。高危儿（高风险婴儿）指已发生或可能发生危重疾病而需要监护的新生儿。常见于以下情况：①母亲疾病史：母有糖尿病、感染、慢性心肺疾患、吸烟、吸毒或酗酒史，母亲为RH阴性血型，过去有死胎、死产或性传播病史等；②母孕史：母年龄> 40岁或＜16岁，孕期有阴道流血、妊娠高血压、先兆子痼、子痼、羊膜早破、胎盘早剥、前置胎盘等；③分娩史：难产、手术产、急产、产程延长、分娩过程

中使用镇静和止痛药物史等；④新生儿：窒息、多胎儿、早产儿、小于胎龄儿、巨大儿、宫内感染和先天畸形等。

[新生儿病房分级]

According to the medical level and the neonatal ward conditions will be divided into three grades: grade I in neonatal ward (1evellnursery): ordinary nursery, suitable for healthy newborns, the main task is to guide parents nursing skills and methods, and screening for common genetic and metabolic diseases. In order to be maternal, breastfeeding and maternal and child dependent feelings, promote infant physical and mental health. Level II neonatal ward (1evel II nursery): ordinary neonatal ward, appropriate for gestational age >32 weeks, birth weight was 1500g (developed for >30 weeks of gestational age, birth weight more than 1200g) of small preterm infants and various diseases without circulatory or

respiratory support, baby care. Level III neonatal unit (1evel nursery) is a neonatal intensive care unit

(neonatalintensivecareunit, NICU), is concentrated in severe neonatal wards, should have a higher level of medical technology, nursing staff and many of the advanced monitoring and treatment equipment, and is equipped with neonatal emergency transport system, is responsible for receiving I, grade II to the neonatal ward to the children.

Characteristics and nursing care of second normal full-term infants and premature infants

The normal full-term infants (normalterminfant) refers to the gestational age over 37 weeks and <42 weeks, birth weight more