Section Ⅳ Grammar
被动语态
1．(教材P10)Robots are programmed(programme) and controlled by a computer. 2．(教材P11)It was going to be tested(test) out by Larry’s wife, Claire.
3．(教材P11)Claire thought it was ridiculous to be offered(offer) sympathy by a robot. 4．(教材P11)She was amazed(amaze) by his fingernails and the softness and warmth of his skin.
5．(2019·江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed(install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics. 6．When I got to the booking office, the tickets had been sold(sell) out.
被动语态的基本构成和用法 1．被动语态的基本构成 现在 过去 将来 一般时 am/is/are done was/were done shall/will be done 进行时 am/is/are being done was/were being done 完成时 has/have been done had been done shall/will have been done ◆In our daily life, many accidents are caused by careless driving. 在我们的日常生活中，许多事故是由开车不小心造成的。
◆Effective measures are being taken by the local government to reduce the smog. 当地政府正采取有效措施减少雾霾。
◆More expressways will be built in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. 为促进当地经济发展， 不久更多的高速公路将在四川建成。
◆To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. 使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。
◆His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month. 上个月末， 他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。 2．使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
◆He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor’s degree. 听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。
(2)主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。
◆We saw him sitting there without doing anything. ＝He was seen sitting there without doing anything. 我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。
(3)在主动语态中，make、hear、see等词后接不定式时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。
◆We heard him say good－bye to his friends. ＝He was heard to say good－bye to his friends by us. 我们听到他向朋友们道别。
(4)带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。
◆My father is telling me an interesting story now. ＝An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. ＝I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 我爸爸现在正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 3．动词的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)某些连系动词，如look, feel, smell, sound, prove等。 ◆The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。
◆Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。
◆Maria proves very patient and warm－hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很有耐心和热心。
(2)有些动词如read, write, clean, wash, iron, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, open, sell等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well、easily、smoothly等连用，且通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
◆The pen writes well. 这只钢笔很好用。
◆This kind of cloth washes very easily. 这种布很好洗。
这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。
4．不用于被动语态的动词
有些动词不用于被动语态，如happen, cost, take place, have(有), belong to, suffer from等。 ◆An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。
◆Most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic jam. 世界上大多数大城市都交通拥堵。
动词不定式的被动形式 1．动词不定式的被动形式的基本用法
动词不定式的被动形式由“to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动形式。动词不定式的被动形式只有一般式和完成式。
◆To be given such a good opportunity made me a little surprised. 被给了这么好的机会，我有点惊讶。
◆I’m going to the attend meeting to be held in the teachers’ office. 我正准备去参加在教师办公室举行的会议。 ◆It’s a great honour to be invited to attend the party. 承蒙邀请参加聚会，甚是荣幸。
2．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况
(1)动词不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的被动关系，且与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主动关系时。
◆The poor old man only has a very small room to live in. 那位可怜的老人只有一个很小的房子住。
(2)动词不定式跟在性质形容词后，与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 ◆As far as I’m concerned, English is easy to learn. 就我个人而言，英语容易学。 (3)动词不定式与疑问词连用时。 ◆Tom had no idea which book to read first. 汤姆不知道应该先读哪本书。
Ⅰ 单句语法填空
1．If Bob is offered(offer) a job, is he willing to go to the remote town? 2．It will be the first project to be designed(design) by Chinese engineers. 3．Rose’s smartphone was left in a taxi accidentally, never to be found(find) again. 4．Before you enter the Eiffel Tower, your bags will be examined(examine) by a security officer.
5．It is a great honor for me to be chosen(choose) as a volunteer for the Olympic Games. 6．The decision to be made(make) at tomorrow’s meeting will have a great effect on farmers. 7．The hospital has recently got new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated(treat)．
8．Victoria went to the bookstore on Sunday morning, only to be told(tell) that it was being decorated.
9．(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
10．New art forms were introduced(introduce) at the end of the Qing dynasty. As a result, people lost interest in paper－cutting.
11．Most airports are built(build) far away from downtown, so it often takes passengers quite a long time to arrive.
12．(2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days. Ⅱ 单句改错
1．When I was trapped in the mountain, I really had no choice but to wait to be rescuing.
rescuing→rescued 2．As we approached the work site, the workers were seen build the new house.
build→building 3．Though he is treating unfairly, Collin kept working hard in the company without any complaint.
treating→treated 4．The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people persuaded to eat healthily.
在persuaded前加are 5．I was made play a bad role in the film, so I refused.
在made后加to
6．The flowers are so dry and they need to be watering right away.
watering→watered 7．The last time I went back to my birthplace, a high-speed railway was built there.
在was后加being 8．Other tests have been shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body.
去掉been Ⅲ 同义句改写
1．In my opinion, teachers should treat every student fairly. →In my opinion, every student should be treated fairly by teachers. 2．The strong wind damaged the roof of our old house yesterday afternoon. →The roof of our old house was damaged by the strong wind yesterday afternoon. 3．The librarian doesn’t allow me to take the books out of the reading room. →I am not allowed to take the books out of the reading room. →The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.
4．By the end of last term, the students had read more than ten English books. →By the end of last term, more than ten English books had been read by the students. 5．We are going to attend the meeting which will be held in Shanghai next month. →We are going to attend the meeting to be held in Shanghai next month.
6．The policeman is questioning Johnson about the traffic accident at this moment. →Johnson is being questioned by the policeman about the traffic accident at this moment. 7．In the past ten years, they have built a large number of high-rise buildings in our city. →In the past ten years, a large number of high-rise buildings have been built in our city. 8．It is reported that the remains of the missing plane have been found in the mountains.
→The remains of the missing plane are reported to have been found in the mountains.
Ⅰ 单句语法填空
1．As is known to all, the 2022 Winter Olympics will__be__held(hold) in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei Province.
2．In China, the practice of presenting the best food first to the senior members of the family has__been__observed(observe) for generations. 3．Up to now, a large number of new houses have__been__built(build) in what used to be a wasteland.
4．The decision to__be__made(make) at tomorrow’s meeting will affect a lot of people. 5．His book is said to__have__been__translated(translate) into more than 30 languages since it was__published(publish) in the 1940s. 6．Your pencil case is nowhere to__be__found(find), and I will buy a new one for you this weekend.
7．The fire is reported to__have__been__caused(cause) by a cigarette end, which was thrown by one tourist.
8．The best and most beautiful thing in the world cannot be__seen(see) or even touched for it must be__felt(feel)．
9．It is a great honor for me to__be__asked(ask) to speak at the meeting on behalf of the whole class.
10．The kids were__allowed(allow) to go swimming in the river, which made them very happy.
Ⅱ 阅读理解
We live in a golden age of misinformation. On Twitter, false news spreads further and faster than the truth. In the run-up to the 2016 US presidential election, the most popular false articles got more Facebook shares, reactions and comments than the top real news, according to a BuzzFeed News analysis.
Before the Internet, “You could not have a person sitting in a room and generating conspiracy(阴谋) theories at a mass scale，” says Luca de Alfaro, a computer scientist at the University of California. But with today’s social media, selling lies is too easy—whether those lies come from a company like Disinfomedia, which has owned several false news websites, or a crowd of teenagers in Macedonia who got huge sums of money by writing popular false news.
Most Internet users probably aren’t intentionally broadcasting nonsense. Information overload and the Web surfers’ limited attention span aren’t exactly good at fact-checking inspection. Confirmation bias(偏见) feeds in as well. “When they’re dealing with unfiltered information, it’s likely that people will choose something that meets with their own thinking, even if that information is false，” says Fabiana Zollo, a computer scientist in Italy who studies how information circulates on social networks.
Intentional or not, sharing misinformation can have serious consequences. False news doesn’t just threaten the equity of elections and wear away public trust in real news. It threatens lives. Rumors(谣言) that spread on WhatsApp, a smartphone messaging system, for instance, led to murder cases in India that left more than a dozen people dead.
To help sort false news from truth, programmers are building automated systems that judge the truth of online stories. A computer program might consider certain characteristics of an article or the reception an article gets on social media. Computers that recognize certain warning signs could warn human fact-checkers, who would do the final check. “Automatic lie-finding tools are still in their babyhood，” says computer scientist Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia of Indiana University Bloomington.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。如今，我们处在一个假新闻充斥网络的时代，本文
就假新闻的影响及如何抵御进行了讨论。
1．What can be learned from the second paragraph? A．False news is sometimes more popular than the real news. B．Teenagers are the main force for spreading fake messages. C．The openness of the Internet provides soil for false news. D．Social media contributes to the loss of people’s social values.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的Before the Internet...selling lies is too easy可知，在过去，大规模的传播假消息是很难的，而如今，网络的发展使其变得十分容易。由此可推断，第二段想告诉我们的是网络为假消息提供了生存的土壤。
2．What best explains the underlined word “unfiltered” in paragraph 3? A．Unknown. C．False.
B．Original. D．Boring.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据上下文语境可知，网络消息的关注度并不能证明它的真实性，因为人们在阅读那些未过滤的信息时，容易根据自己的喜好去选择，即使那是错误的消息。由此推断，画线词意为“未过滤的，原始的”。
3．Paragraph 4 is mainly about ________． A．the drawbacks of social media B．the negative effects of misinformation C．the disordered Internet market of India D．the relationship between laws and rumors
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要想告诉我们虚假消息的不利影响。
4．What do we know about the automatic lie-finding tools? A．They have been fully developed in the computer program. B．They remind human fact-checkers of some warning signs. C．They are proved to be good at telling false news from the truth. D．They make up a machine-controlled system that can do the final check.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Computers that recognize certain warning signs could warn human fact-checkers, who would do the final check.可知，这个自动识别系统可以帮助人工排查人员分辨网络信息。
Ⅲ 完形填空
I came from my home in Italy by overnight train to Vienna to start the second part of my year abroad as an English language assistant. I went to sleep in Italy and __1__ in Austria, to a snow-covered countryside that looked like something out of a tour guide. Although this __2__ scene made me excited, I soon __3__ that adjusting to the Austrian world was going to be __4__．
The first thing was the __5__. I had to switch from talking and thinking in Italian to German __6__. I found myself stumbling over(结结巴巴地说) words and really struggling to __7__ when people spoke to me, especially in Austrian German which not only sounds different from the German I learned at school but also uses different words! So I’ve had lots of __8__ moments in the supermarket and felt rather embarrassed when I used the __9__ word. There are also lots of other __10__ things. One big difference is the __11__. Italy is famous for its varied pasta(意大利面食) dishes and delicious pizzas! But in Austria the __12__ food seems to be meat. It also seems that there isn’t time for a __13__， relaxed lunch. In Italy I had an hour’s lunch break from my office job, but when I’m __14__ in the schools in Vienna there are just 10 or 15 minutes between lessons, which is only __15__ for a quick sandwich. I don’t think these are __16__ things, but it will just take time to get used to them. However, there are some things I have immediately __17__， like the very efficient public transport—it’s __18__ to get around and it’s always on time! I also __19__ the coffee house culture here where you can go to a café and just sit for hours, chatting and __20__ with friends and a cake or two. In fact, I really love the country and I think I will enjoy my stay here.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在异国他乡遇到的问题，但是作者仍然希望通过努力能够快乐地生活在这里。
1．A.stayed up C．warmed up
B．dressed up D．woke up
D 解析：根据上文的I came from my home in Italy by overnight train to Vienna及I went to sleep in Italy ...Austria可知，作者睡着的时候还在意大利，但醒来(woke up)时已身在奥地利。
2．A.familiar C．beautiful
B．touching D．funny
C 解析：根据上文的a snow-covered countryside that looked like something out of a tour guide可知，这里的景色很美(beautiful)。
3．A.realized C．admitted
B．guessed D．remembered
A 解析：根据下文中对作者在奥地利遇到的问题的描述可知，作者很快就意识到(realized)适应奥地利的生活是比较难的(hard)。
4．A.hard C．meaningful A
5．A.habit C．attitude
B．language D．custom B．boring D．interesting
B 解析：根据本段中的I had to switch from talking and thinking in Italian to German可知，首先是语言(language)方面的问题。作者的所说所想都要立刻(immediately)从意大利语切换成德语。
6．A.patiently C．secretly D
7．A.think C．learn
B．understand D．explain B．finally D．immediately
B 解析：根据上文的I found myself stumbling over(结结巴巴地说) words ...spoke to me可知，当别人跟作者说话的时候，作者理解(understand)起来很吃力。
8．A.brief C．awkward
B．anxious D．terrifying
C 解析：根据本段中的especially in Austrian German...uses different words及felt rather embarrassed可知，作者在超市里经历过很多尴尬的(awkward)时刻，在使用了错误的(wrong)词语后会感到非常尴尬。
9．A.key C．foreign B
10．A.different C．wonderful
B．basic D．silly B．wrong D．hurtful
A 解析：根据下文中对意大利和奥地利食物的对比及One big difference可知，在这里生活还有很多其他不一样的(different)地方，其中一项就是食物(food)。
11．A.restaurant
B．bill
C．menu D
12．A.delicious C．cheap
D．food
B．main D．fast
B 解析：根据上文的Italy is famous for its varied pasta(意大利面食) dishes and delicious pizzas！可知，奥地利的主要(main)食物就是肉类。
13．A.late C．long
B．light D．hot
C 解析：根据上文的start the second part of my year abroad as an English language assistant及In Italy I had an hour’s lunch break from my office job, but ...10 or 15 minutes between lessons可知，在维也纳，人们没有很长的(long)时间来享受一顿轻松的午餐。当作者在学校工作(working)时，每节课之间只有10到15分钟的休息时间，仅仅够(enough)吃一个三明治。
14．A.struggling C．sitting D
15．A.proper C．convenient B
16．A.bad C．risky
B．small D．important B．enough D．ready B．studying D．working
A 解析：根据空后的but it will just take time to get used to them可知，作者并不觉得这些不同是坏(bad)事，只是需要时间去适应。
17．A.gotten tired of C．gotten used to
B．gotten close to D．gotten interested in
C 解析：根据本段的like the very efficient public transport可知，作者在奥地利还是很快适应了(gotten used to)一些事，比如高效便捷的公共交通——到处走动很容易(easy)而且通常很准时。
18．A.safe C．easy C
B．necessary D．possible
19．A.feel C．keep
B．share D．enjoy
D 解析：根据本句的chatting and ...friends and a cake or two可知，作者也很喜欢(enjoy)这里的咖啡屋文化，人们可以一连坐在咖啡厅里几个小时，和朋友聊天或者吃些点心放松(relaxing)身心。
20．A.relaxing C．comparing A
Ⅳ 语法填空
Scientists found that air pollution may be responsible 1.____________ a big reduction in 2.____________(intelligent). Research showed that air pollution led to big falls in test 3.____________(score) for languages and mathematics. The study called “The influence of air pollution on cognitive(认知的) performance” 4.____________(conduct) over four years ago. Researchers analyzed speaking and mathematics tests 5.____________(take) by 20，000 people of all ages. They said, “Polluted air may do harm to cognitive ability as people become older.”
The study is a warning to the rest of the world, 6.____________(particular) those in cities. Over 91 percent of the world population live in areas with polluted air, 7.____________ is the fourth biggest cause of global deaths. Researchers discovered that the 8.____________(long) people were exposed to polluted air, the greater their cognitive ability went down. They said air pollution caused a year’s worth of lost education. For those aged over 60, this could be several years. A researcher warned, “9.____________ is no shortcut to solve this issue. Governments really need to take effective measures 10.____________(reduce) air pollution.”
1．for 解析：考查固定搭配。be responsible for意为“造成……的原因”。
2．intelligence 解析：考查名词。设空处作in的宾语，表示“脑力”，故填intelligence。 3．scores 解析：考查名词复数。score是可数名词，且在此表泛指，故填名词复数形式scores。
4．was conducted 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。由后面的over four years ago可知，设空处所表示的动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时；又因为study与conduct之间是被动关系，故填was conducted。
5．taken 解析：考查过去分词。tests后跟定语，又因为take与tests之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且take所表示的动作已完成，故填taken。
B．dreaming D．competing
6．particularly 解析：考查副词。设空处作状语，表示“尤其”，故填particularly。 7．which 解析：考查关系代词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明polluted air，且在从句中作主语，故填which。
8．longer 解析：考查副词比较级。“the＋副词比较级，the＋副词比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。
9．There 解析：考查there be句型。句意：解决这一问题并没有捷径。故填There。 10．to reduce 解析：考查动词不定式。政府采取有效措施的目的是为了减少空气污染，故填to reduce。
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