Topic1：
1、Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity.
财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。
2、Making financial decisions is an integral part of all forms and sizes of business organizations from small privately-hold forms to large publicly-traded corporations.
做财务决策对于所有形式和规模的商业组织，无论是小型私人公司还是大型公开上市公司，都是不可分割的一部分。
3、In today’s rapidly changing environment, the financial manager must have the flexibility to adapt to external factors such as economic uncertainty, global competition, technological change, volatility of interest and exchange rates, changes in laws and regulations, and ethical concerns.
在当今瞬息万变的环境中，财务经理必须具备足够的灵活性以适应外部因素，如经济的不确定性、国际竞争、技术变革、利息波动、汇率变动、法律法规变化以及商业道德问题。
4、The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called capital budgeting
规划和管理一个公司的长期投资的过程是资本预算。
5、Net working capital defined as current assets minus current liabilities 净营运资本定义为流动资产减去流动负债。
6、Money begets(or breeds or gets) money 钱产生钱（或品种或获取）。
7、The financial manager also acts as a liaison between others in the finance department and management personnel from other departments
财务经理也要在财务部和管理部门的人员之间扮演联络人角色。
8、By issuing common stock，the firm dilutes the control of current owners but does not have to repay the funds obtained from the stock sale
通过发行普通股，公司稀释了现有股东的控制权，但不需要偿还出售股票获得的资金。
9、 Although considerable debate exists over the precise model for
estimating risk and return ，few contest the notion of a risk-return tradeoff
尽管估计风险和回报的精确模型存在着相当大的争议，但很少人反对风险收益权衡这一概念。
10、chief executive officer：总裁、首席执行官(简称C.E.O.)
11、stock offering：股票发行 Topic2：
1、 GM's senior managers rebuffed the shareholders 通用汽车公司的高级管理人员拒绝了股东。
2、Agency problems involving the separation of ownership and management and mechanisms for aligning the interests of owners and managers
代理问题涉及所有权和经营权的分离及所有者与管理者利益的结合机制。
3、The drawbacks are that it is non-transferable ，has a limited life and a limited pool of funds ，and the proprietor has unlimited liability 缺点是，它是不可转让的，期限有限，资金有限，而且业主承担无限责任。
4、This means that the corporation can own assets， enter into contracts ，sue and be sued
这意味着公司可以拥有自己的资产，签订合同，起诉与被起诉。
5、These provide most of incorporation's benefits but do not relieve the participants of professional malpractice（失职）
这些给公司提供大部分的利益但不减轻会员的专业事故。
6、 profit maximization focuses on accounting profits，lack a time dimension and ignores risk
利润最大化的重点是会计利润，缺乏时间维度，忽视风险。
7、Some dissertation exists on whether the criterion should be the maximization of market value of the stockholders or that of the firm 一些论文讨论应是以股东还是公司的市场价值最大化为标准。
8、This single-valued objective serves as a prerequisite for rational behavior within an organization
这种单一价值目标作为组织内合理行为的先决条件。
9、The corporate objective function assumes that managers operate in the best interests of stockholders，not themselves，and not attempt to
expropriate wealth from lender to benefit stockholders
企业的目标函数假定管理者为了股东的最佳利益工作，而不是自己的，而且不会征用债务人的财富来使股东受益。
10、 Agency problems are said to result from the divergence in interest 代理问题来源于利益的差异化。
11、 managers may squander（浪费） corporate funds on excessively lavish corporate offices and jets
管理者会浪费企业资金，用于奢华的公司办公室和设备。
12、corporation whose shares are held by a few individuals are called closely held corporation
公司股份由少数人持有，这样的公司称为控股公司。
13、A few possibilities include maximizing revenues（总收入） ，profits ，earning per share（每股收益），returns，market share，or social good 可能包括收入的最大化，利润，每股收益，回报，市场份额，或社会福利。
14、 sole proprietorship：个人独资企业
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