摘 要
我国古代大凡有识之士都能认识到：“治国必先治吏”，“治民必先治官”，“民生之 安危，由于吏治之清浊”。近代伟大的革命先行者孙中山先生在创建共和制国家的时候 曾经深切的说过“一个国家除了官吏之外，还有什么重要呢？”近些年来，随着社会主 义民主法治与民主政治深入民心的历史进步，我国的党风廉政建设与反腐败斗争工作已 经进入一个关键时期。在新的历史条件下，党的这些工作取得了许多突出性的成果，给 国家和人民带来了新的福祉。但同时，官员的腐败问题却正在以各种新的形式出现，形 势愈演愈烈。许多政府官员，特别是一些国家高级官员的形象危机问题和腐败犯罪问题 正在成为我国民主法治建设进程中的极大阻碍。官员治理问题同经济发展同等重要，当 前条件下，解决这一问题迫在眉睫，反腐这场旷日持久的“战争”仍需继续。中国古代 “吏治”作为古代国家政治生活的重要组成部分，由于社会制度与历史条件的限制，虽 然其中存在许多消极的方面，但是古代吏治建设中的许多廉政主张、肃贪措施与法律制 度等在一定程度上符合了当时人民的普遍愿望，促进了社会的进步与国家的发展。它的 成功之处在今天仍给我们以巨大的启示和借鉴价值。因此，如何在现代法治建设中利用 中国古代“吏治”中的积极因素，以消解现代廉政法制建设过程中的阻碍，从中寻求一 条充分适合中国本土资源的现代法治之路便成为一个非常重要的课题。
本文将从三个大的方面对中国古代吏治进行深入的研究与分析，力图为当前我国廉 政法制建设与反腐工作提供新的有价值的历史资源。
首先，通过对中国古代各个朝代历史时期的典型和成功的“吏治”实践过程进行追 根溯源的探究，了解、重点分析每个历史阶段优秀的统治者依据国情、民情制定的重要 吏治制度、措施及律法或者有关吏治的政治主张，挖掘它其中的精华部分。从夏商周到 秦汉到隋唐再到宋元明清时期，它的存在和发展从未间断过。例如，它其中的官吏选拔 任用制度、考课管理制度、监察监督制度、惩贪立法以及对官员的教育问题在不同的历 史阶段都有自身独特与成功的地方，关键问题在于我们如何取其糟粕，取其精华。
其次，通过对中国古代吏治历史的剖析与认识，明确的得出中国古代吏治的成功与 失败、得与失之处，以至于我们在借古今用之时能够进行深刻的反思。
再次，在明确中国古代吏治成败与得失的基础上，引导出中国古代吏治实践对当前 我国廉政法制建设与反腐败斗争工作带来的巨大启示。通过给予的启示，我们可以清醒 的认识我们当前所处的客观环境，所做的中心工作，所迷失的地方，所欠缺的东西，以 便于我们在新的历史条件下，确定方向、找对方法，为人民办实事。
关键词：“吏治”； 廉政法制； 启示
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Abstract
In ancient China \first \pure and turbid\has profound said, \with the socialist democracy, the rule of law and democracy into historical progress, the work of party to build a clean government and combat corruption in China has entered a crucial period. Under the new historical conditions, the results of this work have made many outstanding sexes, brought new welfare to the country and people. But at the same time, officials of corruption are in a variety of new forms, the situation worse. Many government officials, especially senior officials in some countries are becoming a risk for the development of our country. Official governance issues with is as important as economic development, the current condition, to solve the problem of anti-corruption imminent, the delay for a long time \of ancient country, as a result of the social system and historical conditions, although there are many negative aspects, but in the construction of the ancient official many advocates, corruption measures and legal system with the common aspiration of the people of that time to a certain extent, promoted the development and progress of national society. Its success in today still gives us great enlightenment and reference value.
This paper will make a thorough research and analysis from the three aspects of Chinese ancient official, to our current construction of law system against corruption and anti-corruption work to provide new and valuable historical resources.
First of all, through the various dynasties in ancient China history of typical and successful practice of \on analysis of each historical stage excellent ruler on the basis of national conditions, the condition of the people important management system and measures formulated by
bureaucracy or about politics and law, mining it one of the essential parts. From the Xia to the Qin and Han dynasties to Sui and tang dynasties to song and Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties, its existence and development of uninterrupted. It one of the selection and appointment of officials, for example, system, take an examination of course management system, monitoring surveillance system, the legislation to punish corruption as well as to the officials of education problems in different historical stage has its own unique and successful, the key question is how do we take its dregs, takes its essence.
Secondly, through the analysis and understanding of the history of ancient Chinese official, clear that Chinese ancient official of success and failure, gain and loss, so that we can
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deeply in ancient and modern time by using.
Thirdly, based on the ancient Chinese officials on the success and failure, leading to great enlightenment of Chinese ancient official practice brings to the current construction of law system against corruption and the anti-corruption work. Through the inspiration, we can realize the objective environment of our current, do the work of the center, the lost place, the lack of things, so that we in the new historical conditions, to determine the direction, find the right way, do the right things for the people.
Key words:
\ ；
integrity legal system；III
inspiration
目 录
引言 .................................................................... 1
一、选题 ................................................................ 1
（一）问题的缘起.......................................................... 1 1．学术价值............................................................. 1 2．应用价值............................................................. 1 3．学术综述............................................................. 2 （二）研究方案............................................................ 5
1．研究目标、研究内容和拟解决的关键问题................................. 5 2．相关理论和研究方法................................................... 5 3．本选题的创新之处..................................................... 6
一、古代“吏治”的相关概述 .............................................. 7 （一）“吏治”的概念阐释.................................................. 7 （二）中国古代“吏治”的历史沿革.......................................... 8 1．尧舜禹时期：原始萌芽阶段............................................. 8 2．夏商周时期：初步发展到成文阶段....................................... 8 3．秦汉隋唐时期：重大转折到成熟完善阶段................................. 9 4．宋元明清时期：日臻齐备阶段.......................................... 11 （三）中国古代“吏治”的主要内容......................................... 13 1．官吏的选拔任用...................................................... 13 （1）选任以“廉”的选官标准............................................ 13 （2）荐举、科举考试选官制度............................................ 14 （3）回避制度.......................................................... 16 2．官吏的考核管理...................................................... 17 （1）以“德”为主的考核................................................ 18 （2）以“绩”为主的考核................................................ 18 3．官吏的监察监督...................................................... 19
（1）最高监察机关或专门官员的监察监督.................................. 19 （2）对地方的监察监督.................................................. 20
二、中国古代“吏治”成败得失及其原因 ................................... 21 （一）中国古代“吏治”的成功及其原因..................................... 21 1．皇帝重视“吏治”.................................................... 21
2．有完善、严密的制度律法和严格的实施程序方法.......................... 22
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