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PuritanismTranscendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Beauty

Catholicism (天主教) Latheranism(路德宗) Christianity (基督教) Eastern Orthodoxy (东正教) Protestantism (新教) Anglicanism(圣公会) Calvinism(加尔文宗) Wesleyans(卫斯理宗) Baptists(浸礼宗) Congregationalists( 公理宗) Puritanism (清教/清教 主义)

Puritans(清教徒) in England Although the British King, did have separated from the Roman Catholic Church and had turned himself the head of the Church of England, in the minds of Puritans, he had done far from enough. Puritans wanted to“purify”the Church of England from every shred of the rituals and rites of the Catholics. This is how they came to be called “Puritans”.

Henry Ⅷ

Elizabeth Ⅰ

"Pilgrims", who sailed across the Atlantic by the ship named May Flower and settled the Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Separatists: Puritans who felt that the Church of England wasPuritansso corrupt that true Christians should separate from it.

Non-separatists:Puritans who felt that the Reformation of theChurch of England was not to their satisfaction, but who remained within the Church of England advocating further reforms.

In 1630, a group of non-separatists, u n d e r t h e l e a d e rs h i p o f J o h n Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, also reached the New World.

In America

loose religious environment

more worldly

terrible natural conditions

European Calvinism

revised

Calvinism

life in the frontierland

Puritanism followed the teachings of Calvinism, which was one version of Protestantism in Europe advocated by theologist Calvin. Calvinism: ※The Bible is the only source of God’s true word and the“priesthood of all believers”. ※Some people are predestined to be the “ elect ”— the chosen people by God to be saved, while others are abandoned by God. The sign of being the“elect” is that his work will be rewarded by God with the success in life, especially material success. ※One cannot change his fate because God is all-knowing and has predestined everything.

The Influence of Puritanism on American Values Values of Individualism Values of Hard-Working Values of Sense of Mission Values of Importance of Education

安 杨 吴琼贤.The Influence of Puritanism on American Values[ J].Science &Technology Information, 2011, (7).

Values of Individualism Individualism is the core of American values, and it is rooted in the early Puritan ideology. Puritans argues that everyone must have read the Bible by his or her own, from which to explore God's will, to establish a direct connection with God, they do not find the God’s will by the Church or clergy, stressing the individual. Franklin makes the spirit of individualism in his writings to be specific; he pointed out that “God helps those who help themselves”. Individualism means freedom, the pursuit of difference. Americans like its way

to create something new. American individualism plays a decisive role in shaping its national character.

Values of Hard-Working This may originates from the puritan’s doctrine -predestination. Puritans were convinced that human beings were predestined by god before they were born; some were God’s chosen people while others were predestined to be damned to hell. Puritans believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. The success of his work or the prosperity in his calling was the sign of being the God’s elect. Most of American believes that the material achievements mark the value of the individual achievement. They are not willing for enjoying the fruits that they made, so puritans were called joy killers by some critics.

Values of Sense of Mission This is the Puritan fatalism; this sense of mission is a reflection of Calvin's doctrine in American culture they were meant to establish their ‘city of God on earth’. This sense of mission is the Spiritual support when puritans built this land with all the ambition in order to establish an ideal model society.

Values of Importance of Education Both men and women should be literate to understand "the Bible" in order to know God and experience God. To read their own "Bible" in their own eyes rather than the priest's eyes to comprehend God's teachings, Puritans put education in a very important position. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers first came to the New England, just twenty years later; they built Harvard University in 1638. We can easily see how important of education the puritans thought.

The Evolution of Puritanism in AmericaPuritan Idealism advocated by Jonathan developed by Ralph Waldo Emerson' Edwards Transcendentalismpositive vision of American Literature

Puritanism

advocated by Puritan Pragmatism

Benjamin Franklin

developed into Utilitarianism(功利主义)

兰红梅. 美国文化中的清教因素——以纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》为例[D]. 成都：成都理工大学，2010.

Definition of Transcendentalism 1: A philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality. 2: a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the spiritual and transcendental over the material and empirical.

From a recent edition of Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

Origins of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism first arose among New England congregationalists( 公理宗 ), who differed from orthodox Calvinism on two issues. They rejected predestination, and they emphasized the unity instead of the trinity of God.

三位一体：

The doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons or hypostases(位格): the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit。

Major Features of the American Transcendentalism Transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most i

mportant thing in the Universe. “Spirit is presented everywhere.” In fact, it is God, which exists in nature & man, & makes up the chief elements in the universe.

They stress the important of individual. To them, individual is the most important element of society. The ideal type of man is the self-reliant individual.

They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God. Nature is alive, filled with God’s over-whelming presence. It is the garment of the Over-soul and the physical world is the symbol of spiritual world.

Introduction of Ralph Waldo Emersonan American essayist, philosopher, lecturer and poet born on May 3, 1803 in Boston.

As a son of a Unitarian minister, he was brought up in a family atmosphere in favor of hard work, moral discipline, and wholesome self-sacrifice.

ExperiencesIn 1826 In 1832Emerson began his first career as a Unitarian clergyman.

He resigned his position, traveled to England and Europe, and began his second career as writer and lecturer.

In 1836

Emerson helped to start a group of ideas that became known as the Transcendental Club and published Nature.

On April 27,1882

Ralph Waldo Emerson died of pneumonia.

Unitarianism 唯一理教 A Christian denomination that was heavily influential in the Northeastern United States in the 19th century. Unitarianism denies that the God of Christianity can be identified as the three-person Trinity—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Unitarians consider Christ to be of great importance, but not divine. They believe that he had a divine mission to make human beings more aware of God’s goodness and of our obligation to care for each other. God is Unitarian—God is one being, the Supreme Being.

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