语义学资料

语义学

Leech’s 7 types of meaning.

Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974, as follows:

1.conceptual meaning 概念意义logical, cognitive or denotative content. 逻辑的，认知的，

外延的内容Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. This refers to the definition given in the dictionary. It is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication and is integral to the essential functioning of language. Componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. Man [+Human] [+Male] [+Adult] Girl [+Human] [-Male] [-Adult]

词的概念意义是一个词的中心意义或核心意义。如孩子的概念意义是未成年的人，man 的核心意义是成年男人。

2.Associative meaning:meaning associated with the conceptual meaning which can be

further divided into following types: a) connotative meaning b) social meaning c) affective meaning

d) reflected meaning e) collocative meaning

Connotative meaning. 伴随意义，内涵意义What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. 通过语言所指所传达的意义。The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotative refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning. The difference between politician and statesman, for example, is connotative in that the former is derogatory and the latter is commendatory or neutral.

词的附带意义，具有感情色彩的意义。如汉语中的孩子有时会带有幼稚、不懂事的含义。

英语中有很多常用形容词往往都带有一种或一种以上的联想意义。如old(worn out),blue(down-hearted), sweet(lovely), tall(handsome)

3.Social meaning. 社会意义What is communicated of the social circumstances of language

use. 所传达的关于语言使用的社会环境的意义。What a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.

Dialect: the language of a geographical region or of a social class.

Time: the language of the 18th c., etc.

Province(范围，职责): language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.

Status: polite, colloquial, slang, etc.

Modality: language of memoranda, lectures, jokes, etc.

Singularity奇特: the style of Dickens, etc.

反映出说话人社会背景和个人特征的意义，如方言，礼貌语，俚语和黑话等所表达的特殊附加意义。如，horse general（一般用语），steed poetic（诗歌用语），nag（俚语），gee-gee baby language(儿语).概念意义相同，社会意义不同。

4.Affective/emotive meaning.情感意义What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes

of the speaker and writer. including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. 所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。

表示说话人感情和态度的一种附加意义. 如，干部，当官的，概念意义相同，感情色彩不同，前者中性，或褒义，后者贬义。

I?m terribly sorry to inte rrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower you voice a little. Will you belt up.

Childlike-childish；slender/slim-skinny

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