从句
名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，介词，连词
句子结构
1. 主（名词、代词、名词性从句）+谓（动词）
2. 主（名词、代词、名词性从句）+谓（动词）+宾（名词、代词、名词性从句）
3. 主（名词、代词、名词性从句）+系（联系动词）(be)+表（名词、代词、形容词、名词性从句）
从句的分类
1．主语从句：在句子中用作主语作用的名词性从句。是名词的扩展。 2．表语从句：在句子中作表语作用的名词性从句。 是名词的扩展。 3．宾语从句：在句子中作宾语作用的名词性从句。 是名词的扩展。
4．同位语从句：对前面的特定名词(短语)加以补充说明的名词性从句。是名词的扩展。
5．定语从句：在句子中作定语作用，修饰主句的某个名词性成分的形容词性从句 。是形容词的扩展。 6．状语从句：在句子中作状语作用的副词性从句。是副词的扩展。
从句在整个句子中的作用vs引导词在从句中的作用
从属连词vs 连接代词vs连接副词 状语从句 定 语 从 句 主 语 从 句 & 宾 语 从 句
一、宾语从句（与主语从句、表语从句类似）
（一）宾语从句的分类
1.
动词的宾语从句 1)
动词
We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中，他都会帮忙的. 2)
“动词+副词”结构
I find out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip. 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗 3)
动词短语(常见：make sure确保 make up one's mind下决心 keep in mind牢记) Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you hand them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 2.
介词的宾语从句 1)
一般介词后用wh-类的介词
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的. 2)
有时候except,but,besides三个介词后用that
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知. 3.
形容词的宾语从句（常用：sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised） I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 4.
形式宾语it的宾语从句 1)
Sb. find,feel,consider,make,believe+it+adj./sth+that…… I think it necessary that we drink plenty of water every day. 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together. 我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we should make a quick decision about this matter. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 2)
有些动词带宾语从句时要在宾语与从句前加it（常用：hate,take,owe,have,see to） I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
（二）宾语从句的三类连接词(从属连词, 连接代词, 连接副词)
1.
从属连词(无意义，从句句子结构意思都完整) 1)
that引导陈述语气的宾语从句
He told that he would go to the college the next year. 他告诉我他下一年上大学. 2)
that在以下情况下不能省略
a. 作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时 b. 当从句较长时
c. 当动词与从句之间有插入语，不相邻
d. 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时 e. 当宾语从句有it做其先行词时 3)
if和whether引导疑问语气的宾语从句. I don‘t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 2.
连接代词（作从句主语或宾语）：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,which,whichever Do you know who has won Red Alert game. 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗
I don’t know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗 3.
连接副词：when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel. 你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
（三）语序
1.
陈述语序
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. 2. 3.
否定前移（think, believe, suppose, guess, imagine, expect等动词后的宾语从句的否定应转移到主句上去) I don't think you are right.
动词表示建议(suggest, advise)，要求(demand, desire, require, request, propose)，决定(decide)，命令(order, I suggested that you (should) study hard. He ordered that we (should) go out at once.
（四）时态
1.
主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 2. 3. 4.
主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。 He answered that he was listening to me. 主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）
当从句为一个定理或客观存在时，均用一般现在时。与人有关的均不是定理。 He told me that he was a boy.
Father told me that practice makes perfect. command)，坚决主张(insist)，用（should）+动词原形
二、同位语从句
（一）同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1.
同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围
The news that l have passed the exam is true. 我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
The news that he told me just now is true. 他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（二）引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。
The idea that he gave surprises many people. 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（三）跟同位语从句的名词：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，
words，possibility
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon．. 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
（四）引导同位语从句的词：连词that, whether, 连接副词how, when, where
l have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
三、定语从句
（一）先行词vs引导词
The dog which was lost has been found.
（二）关系代词（who,whom,whose,which,that,as）在定语从句里面作主语、宾语、表语、定语
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. As 指人或物或整个句子 意为“像” 单独用或搭配（the same...as..., such...as..., as...as..., so...as...引导词为后面的as） 常有省略 My house is as/so beautiful as yours. My house is such beauty as yours. My house is the same beautiful as yours. I did a good job as good as you did. 6.
介词+关系代词 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
名词/代词+介词（of）+关系代词
These are the books, some of which I haven’t read yet.
代替that
代替why （for which）
代替where （in,on,at,to which） 代替when （in,on,at,during which）
That 指人或物 作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语或表语时可以省略，不能跟在介词后
Who指人 作主语或宾语，但不能跟在介词后（to who），在非限制性定语从句中不能替代whom；Whom作宾语 Whose 指人的或物的 作定语 Which 指物 作主语或宾语
I know the girl, whom I talked with last night. The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
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