3、smell嗅；闻起来
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.（我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。）行为动词 Great! The flowers smell nice.（这些花闻起来多香啊！）连系动词 4、sound弄响，发音；听起来
The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.（在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。）行为动词 The gun sounded much closer.（枪声听起来更近了。）连系动词 5、taste辨味；尝起来
Please taste the soup.（请尝一口汤。）行为动词 The soup tastes terrible.（这汤尝起来味道太差了。）连系动词 6、get得到，获得；变
There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。行为动词 7、grow生长，种植；变
Do you grow rice in your country?（你们的国家种水稻吗？）行为动词 It’s too late. It’s growing dark.（太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。）连系动词 8、turn转动，翻动，使变得；变
The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）行为动词
When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.（春天来了，树叶变经绿了，花儿开了。）连系动词 上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等，既可以作连系动词，又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。例如：
The trees turn/are green when spring comes.（春天来临，树叶变绿。） The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）
这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词，意为“转动”。无法以is替换。 （三）助动词
这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如：
He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）
句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。 A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）
句中的is 是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。
Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast? （他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗？） 句中的did是助动词，既表示一般过去时，又和动词have一起构成疑问。 （四）情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如：
I can dance.（我会跳舞。）can, 能, 会
He can’t walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。）can’t, 不必 May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以
三、及物动词与不及物动词
行为动词（即实义动词）按其是否需要宾语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。 （一）、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。） If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.（如果你们有问题，你们可以举手，。） （二）、不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如：He works hard.（他工作努力。）
Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。）
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。）
He got an “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.（这次他得了个“A”，因为他仔细地复习了功课。） [难点解释]
1、许多动词可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别，例如： Who is going to speak at the meeting?（谁打算在会上发言？）speak, 不及物动词 Few people outside China speak Chinese.（在中国外很少人讲汉语。）speak,及物动词
2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如：He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。 Serve the people.（为人民服务。）英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务”为不及物动词。
简单句的五种基本句型
1.主语+谓语动词 S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如: He laughed. John has read widely. He lives in London.
2. 主语+谓语动词+宾语 S+V+O 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如: Our team beat all the others.
3. 主语+系动词+表语 S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词 有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起 来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如: The rose smells sweet.
4.主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 S+V+INO+DO 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如: Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?
5. 主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语 S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如: We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor.
【注】S=Subject(主语); V=Verb(谓语动词); P=Predicative(表语); O=Object(宾语); INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语); DO=Direct Object(直接宾语); OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语)
英语词类与句子成分关系图：
句子成分 词类或短语 主语* 名词 代词 形容词 数词 谓语 宾语* 表语* 定语* √ √√ 状语* × × 宾语 补足语 √ × √√ √ √√√ × √√√ × × √ × × √√√ √√ √√√ √√ × √ √ √√√ √√√ × √√√ ×
动 词 副词 时态语态形式 动词不定式 动名词 动词现在分词 动词过去分词 × √√ √√ × × × × √√√ × × × × × × × √√ × × × × × √ √ √ √ √√ × √ √ √ √ √ √ × √√ × √√ √√ √√ × √√√ × √√√ √√ √ √√√ √ √√√ √ 介词短语
主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English. He is asleep.
宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. (形容词) I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me（间宾） a book （直宾）yesterday. Give the poor man（间宾） some money（直宾）.
定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Miss Yang is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）
I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。宾语与宾补的关系=主语与系语的关系
We elected him monitor. He is（名词）We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名）
It is We will make them happy.They are （形容词） We found nobody in. is ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. You are 介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）逻辑上主谓关系 His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）
Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）逻辑上的宾关系 He was elected monitor.宾补 逻辑上主谓关系 She was found singing in the next room. 宾 谓 宾 谓 宾补 He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 宾 谓 宾补
表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
（常见的连系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...等等) It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
1、 主谓 不及物
1、实义→行为 2、 主谓宾
主谓宾 2、行为发出者→主语 3、 主谓宾 宾补
3、行为的对象→宾语 4、主谓间宾直宾→间人直物 1、to do
2、代
1、 系动词无实义 1、 名词 ←→ 主〓表 3、数 ↓ 4、名
主系表 2、连系主语和表语 5、名词性句
↓ 6、动词—ing 动名词 3、表语对主语起注明的作用 1、形
2、形容词（主表） 2、介词短语
3、动词—ing 形容词性 3、 副词 4、副
（一） 【状语从句】
种类 连接词（即从属连词） when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly where, wherever 注意点 时间状语 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 I was doing my homework when he came in. 地点状语 原因状语 Wherever you go, you must be kind to others. because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as次之。 I like English because it's very useful. Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class. because, as, since, now that 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替，即所谓主将从现 if, unless, once, in case, as I'll go to the park if it is fine tomorrow. long as, on condition that Unless bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day. so that, in order that, for so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 fear that She came back to my home so that she could borrow my bike yesterday. so…that, such…that It's so cold outside that nobody wants to go out. He doesn't run as fast as Bill. than, as…as, not so/as…as, John is taller than his brother. the more…the more as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 He spoke as if he knew everything. as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 Though they are poor, they are very happy. Poor as they are , they are very happy. I won't mind even if he doesn't come here. as if, as though, as 让步状语 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
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