第5讲 代词
1、人称代词:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。 主格 宾格 我 I me 你 you you 他 he him 她 she her 它 it it 我们 we us 你们 you you 他们 they them ①主格一般用在句子开头做主语,通常用在动词前。 e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom. ②宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象,一般用在动词和介词后面。 e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.
2、物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。 形容词性 名 词 性 我的 my mine 你的 your yours 他的 his his 她的 her hers 它的 its its 我们的 our ours 你们的 your yours 他们的 their theirs ①形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如:my watch, his cousin, our school ②名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词,故其后不能再加名词,可单独使用。 e.g. —Is that your bike? —No. Mine is blue.
3、不定代词:没有明确指定代替某个(些)人或物的词叫不定代词。 (1)some和any
都表示“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。 ① some多用在肯定句中,any多用在否定句和疑问句中。 e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句)
There isn?t any milk in the fridge. (否定句) Do you have any hobbies? (疑问句)
② 在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。 e.g. —Would you like some coffee? —Yes, please. (邀请)
—Mum, can I have some peaches? —Sure.(希望对方给予肯定回答)
(2)both和all
① both表示“两个都……”,只指代或修饰可数名词。 e.g. We are both policemen.(强调两人)
② all表示“三个或三个以上都……”,既可指代或修饰可数名词,也可指代或修饰不可数名词。 e.g. They are all in the room.(至少三人)
(3)many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。 e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.
(4)each和every
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each强调个人,指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every是指许多人或事物的“全体”,与all的意思相近。
e.g. I?ll buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。
(5)other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到的部分,其后一般接复数名词。 e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.
(6)something和everything
① something 某事;某物 e.g. I want something to drink.
② everything 一切事物;每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.
(7)nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.
4、疑问代词:用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,一般放在疑问句的句首。 what What colour what day what date what shape what…job what time when which where who whose why how how many how much how old how far how about 问什么 问颜色 问星期 问日期 问形状 问工作 问时间 问时候 问哪个 问地点 问谁 问谁的 问原因 问方式 问数量 问价钱 问年龄 问距离 问情况 —What?s your name? —My name is Tom. —What colour is your coat? —It?s red. —What day is it today? —It?s Monday. —What date is it today? —It?s the first of June. —What shape is the moon? —It?s round. —What?s your father?s job? —He?s a bus driver. —What time is it? —It?s ten o?clock. —When is your birthday? —It?s on the first of May. —Which is your watch, this one or that one? —That one. —Where is my pen? —It?s on the floor. —Who is the boy with big eyes? —He?s Liu Tao. —Whose bag is this? —It?s Helen?s. —Why are you absent today? —I?m ill. —How do you go to school? —By bus. —How many books are there? —There are five. —How much is it? —Twenty yuan. —How old are you? —I?m twelve. —How far is it from here? —It?s about one kilometer. —I?m thirsty. How about you? —Me, too.
5、指示代词 ① this(这个)、these(这些)表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 ② that(那个)、those(那些)表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。
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第6讲 形容词
形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。它的位置通常放在被修饰的名词前,也可以放在be动词和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。
在英语中,形容词有三个等级,即原级、比较级和最高级。
1、表示两者“等同”时用原级,结构为:as+原级+as,表示“xx和xx一样……” e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister?
其否定形式结构为:not+as+原级+as,表示“xx和xxx不一样……” e.g. I?m not as tall as you.
2、表示两者“比较”时用比较级,结构为:比较级+than,表示“xx比xxx更……” e.g. He?s one year younger than me.
形容词比较级的构成规则: ① 一般在词尾加er
e.g. taller,longer,stronger,younger ② 以字母e结尾,只加r e.g. late-later,nice-nicer
③ 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加er
e.g. heavy-heavier
④ 双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er
e.g. fat-fatter,thin-thinner,big-bigger ⑤ 双音节和多音节词的比较级,在原级前加more
e.g. more beautiful,more careful ⑥ 不规则变化
e.g. good-better,many / much-more,far-farther,bad / ill-worse
3、三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较,用形容词最高级。
结构为:the + 形容词最高级 +in/of等表示范围的短语,表示“最……”。 e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.
She is the tallest girl of our three.
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第7讲 副词
1、副词是一种用来修饰动词或形容词的词,说明时间、程度、方式等概念。大多数副词都可以放在动词后面。
e.g. dance beautifully,listen carefully,sit quietly,speak loudly,very happy
2、副词的比较级变化规则与形容词比较级基本相同,以ly结尾的副词一般用more。 e.g. more carefully ,more quietly
第8讲 介词
介词又叫前置词,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词,它一般放在名词、代词(宾格)或动词(动词ing形式)前面。
1、in
①在……里面。如:in the classroom
②in+颜色,穿着……颜色的衣服。如:Who?s the man in white? ③in+语言,用某种语言说。如:What?s this in English?
④ 在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening ⑤在年、月、季节前。如:in 2008,in August,in summer
⑥在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如:in China,in Wuxi,in the playground ⑦固定搭配。 如:in the middle of(在……中间),do well in(擅长),in the day(在白天),take part in(参加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上)
2、on
①在……上面。 如:on the desk
②用在某一天(上、下午)前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunday,on Monday morning ③以Day结尾的节日前。如: on Children?s Day,on New Year?s Day ④固定搭配。如:on foot(步行),on duty(值日),put on(穿上),get on(上车) turn on(打开),on the right / left(在右边/左边),on the wall (在墙上),on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上)
注 意:树上长的水果用on the tree;不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。 如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at
①在某个时刻前。如:at seven o?clock
②在传统节日前。如:at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas ③在较小的地点。如:at the bus stop ④固定搭配。如:at once(立刻,马上),be good at(擅长……),look at(看),at home(在家),at school(在学校), at weekends(在周末), at the back of(在……后部), at night(在夜晚) 4、under 在……下面 如:There is a cat under the table.
5、behind 在……后面 如:There is an umbrella behind the door. 6、near 靠近…… 如:There is a park near my house.
7、beside 在……旁边 如:The students are standing beside the teacher.
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8、next to 紧靠……旁边 如:The teachers? office is next to our classroom.
9、before (时间上)在……之前 如: before class(上课前)
10、after (时间上)在……之后;依照 固定搭配: after class(课后),after school(放学后),look after(照看),run after(追赶),read after me(跟我读)
11、between 在两者之间 如:There are some trees between Building A and Building B.
12、by 乘某种交通工具 如:by bus,by plane,by the way(顺便说一下)
13、from
①be from = come from(来自……) 如:Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia. ②from…to…(从……到……)We go to school from Monday to Friday.
14、to 到、去…… 如:Let?s go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write to(给xx写信) 15、about 关于;大约
如: I want to buy a book about animals. It?s about one kilometer away. 16、for 为、给…… 如:Here?s a letter for you. What?s for breakfast?
固定搭配:look for (寻找),wait for(等候) 17、with
①与……一起。如:I?ll go shopping with my mother. ②具有某种特征。如:Who?s the boy with big eyes?
③help... with... 在某方面帮助某人 如: Can you help me with my English? ④play with... 和……一起玩;拿……玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo
18、in front of 在……前面 如:There is a tree in front of the classroom. in the front of 在……前部 如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 19、along 沿着,顺着 如:Go along this street.
20、as 作为 如:What would you like as a birthday present?
21、out of 从……出来;往……之外 如:The dog is running out of the house.
22、of ……的,属于…… 如:a map of China ,a map of the world
23、off 离开,在……之外 如:keep off the grass(勿踏草坪),get off(下车)
24、up 向上 如:stand up(起立),pull up carrots(拔胡萝卜)
25、down 向下 如:sit down(坐下), jump up and down(上下跳)
第9讲 数词
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