被动语态专题
? 定义
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
? 被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词
? 被动语态的时态：
“主动语态变被动语态，时态不变动”，即助动词be 的时态要跟原主动语态中的时态保持一致。请看下表： 时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 现在完成时 被动结构 am/is/are+过去分词 was/were+过去分词 will/shall be+过去分词 am/is/are being+过去分词 have/has been+过去分词 含情态动词 can/may/must... be+过去分词 ? 主动语态变被动语态的方法
第一步：先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其中的谓语动词。
第二步：把主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词，变宾格为主格。
第三步：把主动句中的谓语动词变为“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”， 时态不变。 第四步：把主动句中的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语(没必要说出动作的执行者时，“by+宾语”在句中常省略。)，若主语是人称代词，应把主格变为宾格。
请对比下面的主动句和被动句：
主动语态：They(主语) grow(谓语) tea(宾语) in the southeast of China. 被动语态：Tea(主语) is grown(谓语) by them in the southeast of China.
随堂演练（把下列句型改为被动句） 1.Bruce writes a letter every week.
→ 2.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.
→ 3.We grow trees every spring.
→ 4.My mother cleans our room every morning. →
补充：
①S + V +IO +DO双宾语的结构变为被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。若将直接宾语变为主语，需根据习惯在原间宾语前加上介词to或for 。
用to的常见词有：give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, bring ……. 用for的常见词有：design, choose, sing, buy, get, cook …… 1. Mary gave him some books. He was given some books by Mary. Some books were given to him by Mary. 2. Her father bought her a new bike. She was bought a new bike by her father. A new bike was bought for her by her father.
随堂演练：
（1）He gave me a book.
→____________________________________(间接宾语作主语) →____________________________________ (直接宾语作主语) （2）My father bought me a new bike.
→____________________________________(间接宾语作主语) →____________________________________ (直接宾语作主语)
②S+ V+ O+ OC带复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的结构变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语不可变为主语。 1.We call him Gina.
→ He is called Gina (by us). 2.They made me happy. →I was made happy (by them). 3.He asked me to come here. →I was asked to come here (by him)
补充：
在主动语态中，使役动词和感官动词后接动词原形（即省to的动词不定式），在变成被动语态时，需将to补上。使役动词let除外。
使役动词和感官动词有：一感（feel）, 二听（hear，listen to）,三让（make, have, let）,四看（look at, see, watch, notice）
I saw him play football on the playground just now.
→He was seen to play football on the playground by me.
随堂演练：
1. We saw them _______(play) football.
They _______ _______ ______ _______ football. 2. We often hear her _______(sing) in English. She_____ often _____ _____ ____ in English.
另：see, hear 后接doing作宾补时, 在变为被动语态时不加to。 I can hear him singing.
He ________ _______ ______ _______.
? 被动语态的否定句和一般疑问句
被动语态的否定句构成须在第一个助动词后加not。 被动语态的否定句和疑问句 否定 My homework has not been finished. 我的作业还没有完成。 一般疑问句 被动语态的一般疑问句是将第一个助动词置于主语之前。 Will the worker be sent away? 这个工人将被解聘吗？
The photos were taken in Japan.
① (改为否定句)
②（改为一般疑问句，并做肯定和否定回答）
? 被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 My bike was stolen yesterday.
(2)强调动作的执行者时，使用“by+执行者”。 The pen was used by my father.
【注意】只有及物动词才有被动语态。不及物动词如rise，come，go，happen，take place等，没有被动语态。
? 被动语态注意点
? 含“不及物动词+ 介词/副词”（短语动词）的句子变成被动语态时，介词或
副词不能丢掉。
She took good care of her grandmother.
→Her grandmother was taken good care of by her.
随堂演练
1.People often talk about that film. That film is often talked ______. 2.He looks after me very well.
I ________________________________. 3. The nurse took good care of the sick man. The sick man __________________.
4. We should speak to the old people politely. The old people should _______________politely.
? 主动形式表示被动意义. (强调动作自然发生，或事物本身性质)
a) 某些连系动词: look, smell, taste, feel, sound。主动形式表示被动意义。 The music ________(听起来) interesting.
b) 说明主语特征、状态的词。这类词通常主动表被动。
grow well , ,wash well , write well , sell well，read well, break easily ,hurt badly（疼得厉害）
随堂演练
1. We grow rice every year. And it grows well.
2. The glass was broken by a boy. This kind of glass ______ easily.(容易碎) 3. The pen is sold here. It well . (写起来好)
4. That book is sold here. It ________/_______well. (卖得好) (读起来好) 5. The shirt is washed every day. And it _______well. (洗起来好) 6. I like eating the food. And it ______ well (吃起来好)
7. He _______by a car yesterday. Now, his head _________(疼)badly.
c) 当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，
通常主动表被动。
d) need, want, require等动词以及形容词worth（值得）后面，跟-ing的主动形式
表达被动意义。
need doing sth = need to be done
want doing sth = want to be done require doing sth = require to be done
be worth doing sth 值得被做某事 My old bike needs repairing =My old bike needs to be required。 我的旧自行车需要修一下。
随堂演练
My clothes need ___________ (wash).
The book is worth ___________ (read) twice. The house needs __________(repair).
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