直接引语和间接引语Direct speech and Indirect speech
1. 什么是直接引语？----直接引述别人的原话，一般加冒号，且没有时态呼应的问题； 如：He said, “I’m afraid I can’t finish the work.”
2. 什么是间接引语？-----用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号，通常情况构成宾语从句，
从句中的语序，时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语，和指示代词等都有变化。 如：He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish the work.
3. 为什么要把直接引语变成间接引语？----当你需要转述别人的话的时候就需要用到；除了用say,还可以用tell, ask等。
4. 所转述的内容可以是陈述句，疑问句，特殊疑问句，祈使句，感叹句，这几种情况下该
怎么将直接引语变成间接引语呢？只要记住刚刚说的那6点：语序，时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语，和指示代词，记住相对应的变化规则，那么就不是一件难事。下面我们来看例子：
直接引语：He said, “My dad will be back tomorrow morning”
间接引语：He said that his dad would be back the next/following morning.. 我们来分析一下这个例句，时态，人称，时间状语都发生了变化
My dad---his dad, will be back---would be back, tomorrow morning---the next/following morning
一、下面我们先看时态不变的5种情况：
1） 直接引语是客观真理，自然现象，名言，俗语，或者与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客
观事实时，不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态，变为间接引语的时候时态均不变，如： Eg.1---“The earth moves around the sun,” the teacher told us. The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Eg.2---He said, “I was born in Guangdong in 1990”. He said he was born in Guangdong in 1990.
Eg.3---Goethe said, “The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.”
Goethe said the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.
Eg.4:He said, “Practice makes perfect.” He said that practice makes perfect.
2） 主句的谓语动词是现在是或将来时，变成间接引语时时态不变 Eg.1---He says, “I finished the work.” He says he finished the work.
Eg.2---He will say, “I have watered the flower.” He will say he has watered the flower.
Eg.3---He will say, “I will try my best to help you.”
He will say he will try his best to help me.
3） 直接引语如果是一般现在时，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，变为间接引语时时态不变。 Eg.1---Jack said, “My brother always goes to school by bike.” Jack said his brother always goes to school by bike.
Eg.2---My mother said, “I like on-line shopping.” My mother said she likes on-line shopping.
4)直接引语是过去进行时，或者是过去完成时时，变为间接引语时，时态不变，如 Eg.1---Jim said, “Lucy, where were you going when I met you near the shop?” Jim asked Lucy where she was going when he met her near the shop.
Eg.2---Kelly said, “Tom was having video meeting at 9 o’clock last night.” Kelly said Tom was having video meeting at 9 o’clock last night
Eg.3---John said, “I had called Tom before lunch.” John said he had called Tom before lunch.
5)should, would ought, had better, might, used to, could, must没有对应的过去式，所以在间接引语中时态一般不变，如：
Eg.1---Jason said, “You had better come here today.” Jason said I had better come here today.
什么情况下时态需要变化？请看时态变化表格，当主句时态是一般过去式时： 1. 一般现在时---一般过去式 2. 一般过去时---过去完成时 3. 一般将来时---过去将来时 4. 现在进行时---过去进行时 5. 现在完成时---过去完成时
6. 现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时
例句：
1） He said, “I am very tired.”(一般现在时---一般过去时) ----He said he was very tired. ----He says he is very tired. 2) “Are you tired?” she asked. ----She asked if I was tired.. ----She asks if I am tired.
3)Tom asked, “Will Jack arrive tomorrow?”（一般将来时—过去将来时） Tom asked if/whether Jack would arrive tomorrow. Tom asks if/whether Jack will arrive tomorrow. 4） She asked, “When will Jack arrive?”
She asked when Jack would arrive. She asks when Jack will arrive.
5)“I broke that plate.” He said.(一般过去时---过去完成时) He said he had broken the plate. He says he broke that plate.
He told me that he had broken that plate.
5） He said, “You told me this story.” He said I had told him that story. He says I told him that story.
6)He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.” He said he had met Mr. Smith that morning.
7)He said, “I am using the knife.”(现在进行时---过去进行时) He said he was using the knife.
8)My mother said, “Your sister is washing her face now.” My mother said my sister is washing her face then.
9)He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room.”(现在完成时---过去完成时) He told me that she had left her book in my room. 10)Mr. Jones said, “I have just finished work.” Mr. Jones said he had just finished work.
11）She said, “I have not heard from him since May.” She said she had not heard from him since May.
12)现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时
二、接下来我们来看看人称是怎么变化的： 1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——> My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——> She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——> He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。
三、下面来看看时间状语，地点状语，还有指示代词的变化： 直接引语 间接引语 指示代词 this/these now today tonight this week (month…) 时间状语 yesterday last week (month…) two weeks (month)ago tomorrow next week (month…) 地点状语 动词 here come bring that/those Then that day that night that week (month…) the day before the week (month…)before two weeks (months)before the next day the next week (month…) There Go Take He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。” →He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。 He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。” →He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。 Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。” →Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。 He said, “It is nine o'clock now.”他说：“现在九点了。” →He said that it was nine o'clock then.他说那时九点了。 He said, “I haven't seen her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。” →He said that he hadn't seen her that day .他说那天他没有见到她。 She said, “I went there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。” →She said that she had gone there the day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。 She said, “I'll go there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。” →She said that she would go there the next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。 He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。” →He said that his sister had been there three days before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(here→there; ago→before) She said, “I will come here this evening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。” →She said that she would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（come→go；here→there；this→that） 以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there, come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语
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