专题限时检测(二十三) 阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题
(加★的为代词指代题，本卷限时23分钟)
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(2017·南京市、盐城市高三模拟考试)A little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether you're a human or a chimpanzee (黑猩猩). A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates — whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.
The findings, described this week in the journal Nature
Communications, shed light on the physiological effects of close
companionship on chimpanzees — and could have implications for human health too.
Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.
“It can have effects on immune function, cardio function, fertility, cognition, and even your mood，” said study co-author Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.
Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (humans included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.
“Social bonds make you survive and produce better — but how do they do that？” Langergraber said.
To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda's Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.
Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties — bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.
The scientists observed the chimpanzees perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimpanzees. The researchers kept track of whether the chimpanzees were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimpanzees in their group.
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A team of up to six observers watched the chimpanzees and followed them around to collect urine (尿液) samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimpanzees, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.
The scientists found that chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimpanzee on the front line might face physical harm or even death.
The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad — though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.
“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well，” Langergraber said.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。一项研究探究了友谊对人乃至黑猩猩的重要性。 1．The scientists carried out research into a chimpanzee community in Uganda ________.
A．to seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological angles B．to uncover whether social bonds make humans survive C．to study how chimpanzees perform three types of activities
D．to train chimpanzees to maintain close social bonds with each other 解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第五至七段内容可推断，科学家们对黑猩猩群落进行研究是为了从生理角度寻求能证明社会关系的益处的证据。故选A项。
★2.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 10 refer to? A．Observers. C．Urine samples.
B．Chimpanzees. D．Bond partners.
解析：选C 代词指代题。根据第十段内容可知，这些尿液被观察员用来检验以了解尿液中含有多少压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。故此处they指的是尿液样本。故选C项。
3．The chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol decrease most when ________. A．they are with other chimpanzees in their group B．they face the intergroup rivalries with friends C．they perform three different types of activities D．they spend time with friends throughout the day
解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第十一段内容可推断，当黑猩猩和朋友一起面对群体间
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