● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly. （2）原因，如：
● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place. ● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered. （3）时间，如：
● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later. （4）条件，如：
● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better. ● Criticized by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that. 除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示下列四种意思：
（1）由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示“ 时间”，如：
● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to. 找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com
（2）由 where, wherever 连词引导，表示“地点”，如： ● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found. ● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever
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needed.
（3）由 if, unless 引导，表示“条件”，如：
● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness. ● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
（4）由 though, although, even though 连词引导，表示“让步 ”，如： ● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering. ● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
此外，过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用，具副词作用。如：
● With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use. ● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out. 最后，过去分词短语，在适当情况下，可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构（the absolute construction），如： ● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side 4. Studying the past participle as the attribute
过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时，所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语，过去分词相当于谓语。
过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来，因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。例如： He is a teacher loved by his students. 他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。
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也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。例如： fallen leaves 落叶, retired workers 退休工人, the risen sun 升起的太阳
注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况：
A. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如： We needed much more qualified workers. 我们需要更多的合格的工人。 My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。 单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。例如：
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定更换使用的材料。
B. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如：找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com
The student dressed in white is my daughter.(=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)
C. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：
Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
D. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。例如：
This is a state-owned factory. This is our school-run factory.
E. 作前置定语的某些动词的过去分词的形式与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。例如：
原 形 用作定语的过去分词 drink light melt drunken lighted lit melten 用作表语或谓语的过去分词 drunk lit melted 43
sink sunken sunk We lit the candle and the candle lit up the room. 我们点着蜡烛，蜡烛照亮房间。 There is a lighted candle on the table. 桌上有一支点着的蜡烛。 5．Looking back
高考经典题回放 1. ______ time, he will make a first-class tennis player. ( 2003 北京) A．Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 2. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (2004上海) A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 3. ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (2005北京春) A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing 4. When first _____ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (2004吉林) A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 5. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well _____ . (2004湖北) A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spendinghttp://www.zhaojiaoan.com 6. ______ in the mountain for a week, the two students were finally saved the local police. (2005江苏) A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 7. _______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. ( 2005 湖南) A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 8. ______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. ( 2005上海) A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 9. No matter how frequently_____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed（2006广东B） 10. _____ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face (2006四川) 44
找教案 11. _____ automatically the e-mail will be received by all the club members. B. A. Mailed out B. Mailing out C. To be mailed out D. Having mailed out (2006上海) Keys: 1-5ＤＡC BB; 6-11ＢＡＡAAA
Grammar
past participle used as adverbial and attribute
Complete the following sentences with the words given, using their proper forms. 1, I like reading the novels______ (write) by him 2. The girl ________(write) a letter is my cousin
3. There is something wrong with my bike and I have to get it __________(repair). 4.He spoke loudly in order to make himself ____ (hear) Sentence patterns
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days
As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days
Well known for their expertise, his parents’ company named “future tours” transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.
His parents’ company was well known for their expertise …
3. Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air
When I was confused by the new surrounding, I was…
Arriving home, he showed me into a large bright, clean room. When he is arriving home, he showed me into… Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep
As I was exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
过去分词作状语，意义上相当于状语从句， 表示时间， 条件，原因， 伴随状况等 Whenever praised, he blushed United, we stand, divided, we fall Written in a hurry, the book is full of errors
Although born in Germany, John lives and works in U.S.A PAGE 20, EX 2
1. Frightened by the loud noise, I went to see what was happening.
2. Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache, 找教案 http://www.zhaojiaoan.com 3. Tired after the long journey, I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space station 4. Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom. 5. Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old.
6. Given some advice by the famous scientist, the student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more.
Pick out two more sentences from the reading with pp used as the attribute.
1. His parent’s company named “future tours” transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.
2. Tomorrow you will be ready for some visits organized by the company
3. He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
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