高中英语讲义
示频率的时间状语，要想到用一般现在时。
(2)看到yesterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998, just now, once upon a time等时间状语，要想到用一般过去时。
(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等时间状语，要想到用一般将来时。 (4)看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等时间状语，要想到用过去将来时。
(5)看到all the time, now, at 4 o'clock, at this moment, at present等时间状语，要想到用现在进行时。
(6)看到at that time, at this time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等时间状语，要想到用过去进行时。
(7)看到at this time tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等时间状语，要想到用将来进行时。
(8)看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last＋时间段等时间状语，要想到用现在完成时。
(9)看到by that time, by the end of＋过去时间，before 2000, by the time＋一般过去时的从句，要想到用过去完成时。
(10)看到by the time＋一般现在时的从句，by the end of＋将来时间的名词，by＋将来时间名词等时间状语，要想到用将来完成时。
3．通过“动作先后”解决时态：此种方法主要用来解决两种类型的试题：①并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., either ... or ..., not only ... but also ..., rather than等及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系，决定着所选动词的时态；②涉及主从句时态的题目，我们可通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间先后来确定时态。 例如：
One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ________ (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
本句为and连接的并列结构，根据前面的was drawing便可得知此处应填 was bathing。
Mr White ________ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
根据for nearly forty years可知应用完成时，再根据before从句中的retired可知，从句中用的为过去时，主句动作发生在其前，故应用过去完成时，即had taught。
4．通过“语境暗示”解决时态：实际上，高考对时态的考查更注重“情境立意”，即考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。正因为如此，有些试题的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显，此时考生要树立全局观念，根据提供的语境，挖
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高中英语讲义
掘隐含信息，从而找到解题的突破口。 例如：
While online shopping ________ (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
根据语境结合后面的have been可知此处应用现在完成时，强调对现在造成的结果或影响，又主语为online shopping，故应填has changed。
5．通过“固定句式”解决时态：所谓固定就是需要考生记住，因此考生必须要熟记一些常见的固定句式结构。
(1)看到no sooner ... than ...或hardly ... when ...，要想到主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
(2)看到并列连词when，要想到was/were doing sth. when ...；be about to do sth. when ...等句式。
(3)看到It/This/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用现在完成时。
(4)看到It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用过去完成时。
(5)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。
(6)在由since引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。
(7)看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，要想到陈述句用一般将来时。 6．通过“逻辑关系”解决语态：对于语态问题的解题关键就在于理清主语与谓语的关系，如果为主动关系，则用主动语态，如果为被动关系，则用被动语态。需要注意的是，考生在做题时往往对时态问题比较关注，但却容易忽略语态问题，因此我们可采用“先语态，后时态”的做题方式来避免此类问题的发生。被动语态在各种时态中的构成形式如下所示：
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高中英语讲义
7．注意“特殊动词”：有些动词(短语)的用法比较特殊，要格外注意。如belong to(属于)不用进行时和被动语态；date from或date back to(追溯到)常用一般现在时；系动词如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear等不能用被动语态。对于这些特殊的词汇，考生务必要记牢。
二 主谓一致
所谓主谓一致，就是说在英语中，句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致，共三种。近几年来高考中对它的考查主要集中于语法一致和意义一致，并且常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行考查。
1．语法一致
(1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。
(2)在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。
(3)单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
2．意义一致
(1)集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。
常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
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高中英语讲义
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority ＋of ＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
3．就近/就远原则
(1)就近原则：由either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not ... but ..., not only ... but also ... 等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
(2)就远原则：主语后跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
过关检测(限时：30分钟)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We ________ (wait) here for more than two hours. 答案：have been waiting
2．Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the café.
答案：had left
3．Festivals and celebrations of all kinds ________ (hold) everywhere since ancient times.
答案：have been held
4．Long ago Hongbao ________ (see) as a means of protecting children from evil spirits.
答案：was seen
5．—You look so tired and pale. Anything wrong?
—I hate to complain, but a new road ________ (build) throughout the night. 答案：was being built
6．It is reported that his new book ________ (publish) by that company next year. 答案：will be published
7．How close parents are to their children ________ (have) a strong influence on the development of the children's characters.
答案：has
8．It took a long time but eventually the dog ________ (stop) barking and the man was able to touch it.
答案：stopped
9．The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ (invite) to perform at
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