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APA（五位以上的作者）：
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)
3.2.6 引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：
MLA：
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
APA：
Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：
MLA： (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)
APA： (W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)
3.2.7 引用团体作者（corporate author）
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
MLA：
It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).
APA：
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).
3.2.8 引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：
MLA：
An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).
10
APA：(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。
3.2.9 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：
MLA：
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.
APA：
Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization.
Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).
3.2.10 引用同一作者的多篇文献
按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者
Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17).
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按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：
(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：
(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：
(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)
同一作者的多篇文献列入References时，第二篇起作者名用横线代替。
3.2.11 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：
MLA：
The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).
APA：
Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994). 在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见第3.1.12节）。
3.2.12 引用非直接文献（indirect source）
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：
MLA：
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).
（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。）
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APA：
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。
3.2.13 引用文学作品和经典文献
按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。 在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：
In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare?s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ?twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23，分别表示第三幕第二场第23行.
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。） 在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：
When Homer?s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：
第一次引用：(lines 5-8) 以后的引用：(12-13)
在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：
One of Kingsolver?s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使用。） 在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：
Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).
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