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If the beam is off by 1 mm at the end, it misses the detector. This amounts to a triangle with base 100 m and height m. The angle is one whose tangent is thus . This angle is about degrees.
14. With 66/6 or 11 satellites per necklace, every 90 minutes 11 satellites pass overhead. This means there is a transit every 491 seconds. Thus, there will be a handoff about every 8 minutes and 11 seconds.
15. The satellite moves from being directly overhead toward the southern horizon, with a maximum excursion from the vertical of 2. It takes 24 hours to go from directly overhead to maximum excursion and then back.
16. The number of area codes was 8¡Á 2¡Á 10, which is 160. The number of prefixes was 8¡Á 8 ¡Á10, or 640. Thus, the number of end offices was limited to 102,400. This limit is not a problem.
17. With a 10-digit telephone number, there could be 1010 numbers, although many of the area codes are illegal, such as 000. However, a much tighter limit is given by the number of end offices. There are 22,000 end offices, each with a maximum of 10,000 lines. This gives a maximum of 220 million telephones. There is simply no place to connect more of them. This could never be achieved in practice because some end offices are not full. An end office in a small town in Wyoming may not have 10,000 customers near it, so those lines are wasted.
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20. Like a single railroad track, it is half duplex. Oil can flow in either direction, but not both ways at once.
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24. If all the points are equidistant from the origin, they all have the same amplitude, so amplitude modulation is not being used. Frequency modulation is never used in constellation diagrams, so the encoding is pure phase shift keying.
25. Two, one for upstream and one for downstream. The modulation scheme itself just uses amplitude and phase. The frequency is not modulated.
26. There are 256 channels in all, minus 6 for POTS and 2 for control, leaving 248 for data. If 3/4 of these are for downstream, that gives 186 channels for downstream. ADSL modulation is at 4000 baud, so with QAM-64 (6 bits/baud) we have 24,000 bps in each of the 186 channels. The total bandwidth is then Mbps downstream.
27. A 5-KB Web page has 40,000 bits. The download time over a 36 Mbps channel is msec. If the queueing delay is also msec, the total time is msec. Over ADSL there is no queueing delay, so the download time at 1 Mbps is 40 msec. At 56 kbps it is 714 msec.
28. There are ten 4000 Hz signals. We need nine guard bands to avoid any interference. The minimum bandwidth required is 4000¡Á 10 + 400¡Á9 =43,600 Hz.
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