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【语法专项】 Part A 对比:
一般现在时Simple present
现在进行时 Present continuous
1.一般现在时:表示主语经常性和习惯性的动作或目前存在的状态,也表示客观的自然现象。 现在进行时:表示说话时正在进行的动作, 也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。 eg:
She often does her homework in the evening. 她经常在晚上做作业。
She is doing her homework now. 现在她正在做作业。 一般现在时
(1) be动词的一般现在时形式:is, am, are (2) 其他实义动词的一般现在时形式:
动词原形或 第三人称单数形式 2. 现在进行时
be动词(am /is /are+ 动词的ing形式(现在分词) 主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词的变化规则如下:
一般动词在词尾加-s,如: helps, makes, gets, swims, knows, plays等.
以s, x, ch, sh, 或o结尾的动词在词尾加-es,如dresses, washes, catches, does等. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词, 先变y为i,再加-es, 如fly---flies, study--- studies等. 动词+ing的变化规则如下:
一般动词在词尾加-ing,如: helping, playing等.
以不发音的e结尾的动词-e +ing,如drive—driving, make--making等.
以重读闭音节结尾的动词, 双写尾字母再加ing, 如get—getting; stop---stopping等. 以ie结尾的动词,去掉ie+ying. 时间状语不同
1.一般现在时的时间状语主要有:
always, usually, sometimes, never, every day, on Sundays, in the morning/afternoon/evening等 2. 现在进行时的时间状语主要有:
now, right now, at present, at the moment
有时句首有Look! Listen! 或 It’s +时 刻; Where is sb? Part B:
一般过去时 VS 过去进行时 1.一般过去时的概念为:
过去发生的动作或存在的状态;
如:Two months ago, I flew to London with my friend.
两个月前,我和我的朋友一起坐飞机去了伦敦。 I went home by bus yesterday. 昨天我是坐公交车回家的。 2.过去进行时的概念为:
表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作。过去同一时间里同时发生的的动作或在过去某个时间段内持续发生的动作或存在的状态。
如: I was watching TV from 7p.m to 8p.m. last night. 昨晚七点到八点我在看电视。
She was reading while her mother was talking on the phone. 当她妈妈在打电话的时候,她在看书。 形式结构上的区别:
1.一般过去时的形式结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它。 如: They were free the day before yesterday, but we were busy.
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前天他们很闲,而我们却很忙。 I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 昨天我是六点半起床的。 2.过去进行时的形式结构为:
主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其它。
如: What were you doing this time yesterday﹖ 昨天的这个时候你在做什么? He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in. 当老师进来时,他正在黑板上画一头大象。 否定句、疑问句结构上的区别
1.一般过去时的否定句、疑问句多是借助助动词did来体现的(be的疑问句和否定句除外),需要注意的是:此时实义动词应用原形。
如: He worked in Beijing last year. 否定句:He didn‘t work in Beijing last year. 疑问句:Did he work in Beijing last year﹖
反意疑问句:He worked in Beijing last year, didn’t he﹖
2.过去进行时的否定句、疑问句多是借助系动词was或were来体现的(和动词be一般过去时的疑问句和否定句一样)。 如: He was working in the park at eight yesterday morning. 否定句:He wasn’t working in the park at eight yesterday morning. 疑问句:Was he working in the park at eight yesterday morning﹖
反意疑问句:He was working in the park at eight yesterday morning, wasn’t he﹖ 用法上的区别
1.过去进行时往往表示动作的未完成性,而一般过去时往往表示动作已完成。 试比较:
David wrote a letter to his father last night. 大卫昨晚给他父亲写了一封信。(信写完了。) David was writing a letter to his father last night.
大卫昨晚正在给他父亲写信。(指信在写的过程中,不一定写完。) 3.一般说来,过去进行时侧重动作持续时间的长度;而一般过去时只说明过去某时发生某事,侧重说明事实。试比较:
It was raining heavily last night.
昨晚下着大雨。(侧重说明下雨持续的时间长。) It rained heavily last night.
昨天下了大雨。(侧重说明下雨这一事实。)
4.在带有all night, the whole morning等强调时间长度的状语时,句中谓语动词用过去进行时更好些。如: He was working all night last Monday. 上周一他整整工作了一个晚上。 Part C
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 1.概念不同:
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作; 现在完成时强调过去的事情对现在的影响或结果。 例如:We are good friends(现在情况) 我们是好朋友。
I got to know him in 2005. (过去的动作)
我在2005年认识(结识)他
We have known each other since 2005. (现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在) 自从2005年来我们就相互认识。 Linda has a big house. (现在情况)
She bought the house ten years ago. (过去的动作) She has owned the house for ten years.
She has lived in the house for ten years. (现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在) 2. 时间状语不同:
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一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:
for, since,already, recently, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定或模糊的时间状语。 3. 用法:
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) I got up five hours ago.
I have been up for five hours. (强调结果)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasn‘t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
Unit3 Robots
【重点词汇】
1、complain vi. 抱怨,投诉,发牢骚 complain to sb 向某人抱怨
I have to complain to the manager about it. 对这件事我不得不向经理申诉。 complain about/of sth 抱怨某事
They never complained about working overtime. 他们对加班加点从来不抱怨。 complaint 投诉,埋怨
Mr Green is writing a complaint letter. 2、have problems有问题
have problems/difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth 做某事有困难 E.g I didn’t have any problems finding the park. problem的常用搭配 no problem“没问题” 【辨析】question/problem 3、sound
1)系动词,意为“听起来” The music sounds good. 2)名词,意为“声音”
The sound of music made her happy. 4、in any way 在任何方面 in a way 从某种意义上说 in some ways 在某些方面 in the way 挡路
in this way 用这种方式 on one’s way to 去...的路上 by the way 顺便说一下 5、代词it, one, that
1)it和that都替代“the+单数名词(可数或不可数)”,都是特指,都可替代可数和不可数名词,但it指前面提
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到的“同一”事物;而that是指前面提到的“同类”事物。 如: My father bought me a pen and I like it very much.
我父亲给我买了一支钢笔,我非常喜欢它。(it替代the pen,指前面提到的父亲给我买的那支钢笔) This dictionary is more useful than that (=the one)I bought yesterday.
这本词典比我昨天买的更有用。(that替代the dictionary,与前面的this dictionary是同类) 用法说明二:
2)one替代“a+单数可数名词”,表示泛指;其复数形式ones替代泛指的复数名词。特指的the one相当于that,替代“the+单数名词”
如: Radios are useful for me to learn English. I’d like to buy one .
收音机对我学英语很有用,我想买一台。(one替代a radio,是泛指收音机这类东西中的一台)
The population of Scotland was eight times as large as that of Cornwall. 苏格兰的人口是康沃尔人口的八倍。(that替代不可数名词the population,不能用the one) 6、busy adj. 忙碌的 He’s a busy man. 【固定搭配】
1)be busy with sth 忙于某事 I was busy with my children. 我忙于照顾孩子。
2)be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 He is busy doing his homework. 他正忙着做家庭作业。 7、so that
1)引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便;为了”,从句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词
如:They got up early so that they could catch the early bus.
2)引导结果状语从句时,从句中一般不用can和may等词,在so that前可以用逗号,意思是“因此;所以”。 如:The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day. 【拓展】so ... that ..
so+形容词或副词+that ...引导结果状语从句。意思是“如此……以致于……”。如:When the football fans saw Beckham, they got so excited that they cried out. 8、tidy up 收拾妥,整理好
tidy adj. 整洁的,整齐的 vt. 收拾;整理 You should keep your room tidy. They tidied the house just now.
He began to tidy up his desk and finish off the week’s work. untidy adj. 不整洁的 an untidy desk 9、seem v.似乎,好像 1)seem +adj.
She seems (to be )sad.
2)seem+to do sth 感到好像... 觉得似乎... I seem to have a cold. 3)It seems +that从句
It seems that it will be a storm soon.
4) It seems as if...仿佛... as if从句所表示的情况大多数是不真实的 It seems as if she were in a dream. 10、little/a little/few/a few 1)few, a few用于可数名词,
2)little, a little用于不可数名词。
3)a few, a little表示肯定意思:有一些,有一点 4)few ,little表示否定意思:没有一些,没有一点 如:He has a few friends in Beijing. 他有朋友 There is a little tea in the glass.杯里有茶
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He has few friends in Beijing. 没有朋友
There is little tea in the glass.没有茶
11、sometime/some time/sometimes/some times 1)sometimes的意思是“有时”,是副词。例如: Sometimes he comes by bike and sometimes by bus. 他有时骑车来,有时乘公共汽车来。
2)sometime也是副词,意思是“在某个时候”。可用于一般过去时与将来时。例如: You can hand in your homework sometime before Friday. 你可以在周五前某个时候交作业。
3)some time是名词短语,它的意思是“一段时间”。例如: I'll be away for some time. 我将离开一段时间。
4)some times也是一个名词短语,time在这里用作可数名词,意思是“次数”。 some times的意思是“几次”。例如: I have been to the Great Wall some times. 我去过长城几次。 12、no longer/no more
1) no longer中的longer是副词long的比较级,long有after a certain point of time(在某一时刻以后)之意,着重表示时间的不再延续,意为\如今不再\。no longer等于not... any longer。
2) no more中的more是many / much的比较级,more有again之意,着重表示数量或程度的减少,意为\再也没有更多(大)的数量(程度)\。no more等于not... any more。 3)no longer修饰延续性动词,如teach, live, work等,表示动作不再延续;no more修饰非延续性动词,如come, go , make (the same mistake)等,表示动作不再次发生。 13、consider v. 认为,考虑 n. consideration
1)consider ...as 把...看做 常用被动结构 be considered as... “被认为/看做” 紫色被认为是最高贵的颜色。 the noblest color. 2)consider...to be 把...看做
The award is considered to be a great honor. 3)Consider doing sth 考虑做某事
我们正在考虑一辆新车。 4)Consider+that 从句
我们认为你是这个岗位的最佳人选。We for the post. 14、difference n. 差别,差异
Can you see any differences between these two pictures? 【固定搭配】
1)make a difference 有影响,起(重要)作用 It makes a difference which you choose. 2)be different from 与... 不同 My coat is different from his. 【难句分析】
1、The robot made Mr Jiang’s life much easier. 修饰比较级的词的用法
1)只用于修饰比较级:much,still,even
2)既可修饰比较级又可修饰原级:a little,a bit, rather等
3)表示前者在某方面远远超过对方时,通常采用far,by far,a lot等
4)在否定句、疑问句、或条件状语从句中,修饰形容词、副词的比较级,只能用any 2、...,the robot would do all the housework.
此句中的would do 为过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时的其他表达方法还有was/were going to+动词原形
The teacher asked you when you would finish your homework. He new that I was going to come.
3、...,his flat would as good as new,and a delicious dinner would be ready for him. 1)as good as表示“与...一样好”,可视为as...as与good的自然搭配;若用作习语,则表示几乎,无异于
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