(William Shakespeare: Love's Labour’s Lost ) 16.3.3 词首辅音连缀的重复
eg. Anon comes Pyramus, swat youth and tall,
And finds his trusty Thisby's mantle slain;
Whereat, with blade with bloody blameful blade
He bravely broach's his boiling blood breast;
(William Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night's Dream) 16.4 The Application 16.4.1 in Poems
Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the western sea,
Silver sails all out of the west,
Under the silver moon; ( A. Tennyson: Song ) 16.4.2 in Proverbs, Epigrams and Idioms eg.
Money makes the mare go. Time and tide waits for no man. No sweat no sweet, 16.4.3 in Proses
No mill no meal, No song no supper, No cross no crown.
eg. I see a world without a slave. Man at 1ast is free. Nature's forces have by science been enslaved. Lightning and light, wind and wave, frost and flame and all the secret subtle powers of earth and air are the tireless toilers for the human race.
(Robert Green Ingersoll: A Vision of War and A vision of the Future) 16.4.4 in Advertisements
eg. Sea sun sand seclusion -- and Spain. Cut Costs without Cutting Corners.
16.4.5 in Titles
eg. Pride and prejudice
Pei's Pyramids Puzzle Paris
Starlight on Skyline Galaxy of Glamour
第五章 双关类修辞格 17. Pun
17.1 Definition
Pun is a figure of speech depending upon a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning. 17.2 Classification
1. 同音双关 (homophonic pun) 2. 近音双关 (paranomasia)
4. 一词多义双关 (sylletic pun) 5. 歧解双关 (asteismus)
3. 同词异义双关 (antalaclasis)
eg.1. Make your every hello a real good-buy. (a Telephone Advertisement)
2. Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse. (put the cart before the horse) 3. To England will I steal and there I'll steal. (Shakespeare: Henry V )
4. Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, yet you cannot play upon me. (Shakespeare: Hamlet)
5. The clerk: ... Can you see a female?
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Augustus: Of course, I can see a female as easily as a man. Do you suppose I'm blind? (B. Shaw: Augustus Does His Bit)
其中，一、二类属于同（谐）音双关后三类属于同词双关。 17.3 The Features
17.3.1 话语意义的重心落在歧义上
eg. King: ... my cousin Hamlet, and my son… how is it that the clouds still hang on you? Hamlet: Not so, my lord, I am too much i'the sun. (Shakespeare: Hamlet ) We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) Try your sweet corn. You'll smile from ear to ear. 17.3.2 双重语境
eg. Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.
\certainly, \ (L. Carol: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland )
17.3.2.1 双关辞格的成立需要的条件
1、 双关辞格一定要求双重语境的共存； 2、 两种语境都能各自言之成理；
3、 甲语境与乙语境还要有一个交接点也就是有一个铰链连结。 Eg. Have you ever read Shakespeare? (×)
If the man be a bachelor, sir, I can; but if he be a married man, he's wife's head, and I can never cut off a woman's head. (Shakespeare: Measure for Measure ) (√)
17.3.2.2 双重语境创造的两种情况 eg. You earn your living and you urn your dead.
A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: \ The entire class yelled:\18. Irony
18.1 Definition 18.2 Forms
18.2.1 Classification in Meanings 18.2.1.1 反意正说
eg. What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country! -- they let the paupers go to sleep. (Charles Dickens) 18.2.1.2 正意反说
eg. The whole outfit could be purchased for about $ 5 and Gandhi's sins, at least his fleshly sins would make the same sort of appearance if placed all in one heap. A few cigarettes, a few mouthfuls of meat, a few annas pilfered in childhood from the maidservant, two visits to a brothel (on each occasion he got away without \anything\one narrowly escaped lapse with his landlady in Plymouth, one outburst of temper-- that is about the whole collection.(George Orwell: Reflections on Gandhi)
18.2.2 Classification in Languages
18.2.2.1 Antiphrases
eg. This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per month. 18.2.2.2 Situation Irony
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eg. For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, \they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom wails, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious. (Bertrand Russell. \ 18.2.2.3 Quotation Irony
eg. \isn't a snowy cold world, like a world of our own gone cold. Nonsense, it is a globe of dynamic substance, like radium, or phosphorus, coagulated upon a vivid pole of energy.%untrue. (Aldous L. Huxley: \ 18.3 The Difference between Irony and Innuendo 第六章 仿拟类修辞格 19. Parody
19.1 Definition
Pieces of writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by somebody else. 19.2 Forms of Expressions 19.2.1 更换词评语
eg. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine. (J. Galsworthy)
Now is the time to bomb the hell out of Germany from the west. They'll say and build up for final assault. (Herman Wout: The Winds of War) 19.2.2 改变句子结构
eg. Now he is an Ishmael, an ex-convict, a millionaire. But wait! The race is to the swift he said to himself over and over. Yes, and the battle is to the strong. He would test whether the world trample him under or not.
He thought of his past, its con splendour and insouciance. But he knew that for him there was no turning. His boats were burnt. (M. Beerbohm: Zuleika Dobson) 19.2.3 增加成分
eg. We have used the Bible as if it was a constable's hand-book -- an opium-dose for keeping beast of burden patient while they are being overloaded (C. Kingsley)
Though Henry Adams found Cambridge a \intellectual milk and honey.
19.2.4 模仿全篇
Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! How I wonder what you're at!
Upon above the world you fly!:
Like a tea tray in the sky
19.3 Rhetoric Effects
19.3.1 Striking and Appealing
eg. To Lie or Not to Lie -- The Doctor's Dilemma Red Star Over Hong Kong
19.3.2 Humorous and Ironic
eg. By these and similar means Adam Sweater had contrived to lay up for himself a large amount of treasure upon earth besides attaining undoubted respectability, for that he was
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respectable no one questioned, he went to chapel twice every Sunday
(Robert Tressell: The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists)
— It is said Jane has fallen in love with Jack.
— Yes, but she says she had hesitated for a long time before she finally walked into love.
19.3.3 Active and Persuasive eg. So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economic order, or will the game be played according to the usual industrial laws from each according to his ability to each according to his investments.
(Stuart Harris: Cashing in on the Ocean — the New Manganese Klondike)
Socialism places the human being at the center of things, not Almighty Dollar, not maximum
第七章 节略类修辞格
20. Zeugma 20.1 Definition
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected. (Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language ) 20.2 Forms
20.2.1 用一个动词支配两个或两以上的名词
eg. Mrs. Packletide had already arranged in her mind the lunch she would give at her houses in Cruzon Street, in Loona Birmberton’s honor, with a tiger-skin occupying most of the foreground and all the conversation. (Saki Mrs. Packletide’s Tiger) 20.2.2 用一个形容词修饰两个（以上的）名词
eg. It is much better to have a patched jacket than to have a patched character. 20.2.3 一个介词支配两个或两个以上的名词
eg. She was dressed in a maid’s cap, a pinafore and a bright smile. 20.2.4两个主语共用一个谓语
eg. Some pitying hand may find it there, when I and my sorrows are dust.
(Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities)
20.3 对比汉语的拈连
英语中支配或修饰两个或两个以上名词的动词、介词、形容词一般在句中只出现一次，而汉语在这种情况下一般需要重复再次（或多次）。 Eg. 1. When commemorating the great soul, the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.
2.像他们一生没有拥抱过女人一样，他们的一生也没有拥抱过肥美的土地。 20.4 Comparing Zeugma with Syllepsis Syllepsis:
Eg. The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seats.
(H. W. Fowler)
Men were nominated for seats through personal contacts made in their trade, unions, local councils... This is the entree to Parliament which a woman must penetrate if she is to make policy instead of tea. (The Times Nov, 24, 1981)
Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. (Charles Dickens: The Pickwick Paper)
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profits of billionaires.
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