动词的语态
（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 主语English是动词speak的承受者。 （二）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋spoken; 一般过去时：was／were＋spoken 一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken; 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋spoken 过去进行时：was/were being＋spoken; 现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken
过去完成时：had been + spoken 过去将来时：would be+过去分词
含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成 We can repair this watch in two days.→This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.→It should be done at once. （三）被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道是谁偷的） This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。 （2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
（四）主动语态变被动语态的方法
We Visited that factory last summer ?主动语态
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
That factory was visited by us last summer ?被动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词） （根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. → He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. → The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. → A tree was cut down by him. （五）被动语态的特殊情况： 1、 不及物动词不用于被动语态。
Appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。 2、 表状态动词不用于被动语态常见的有：hold, have, cost, contain, become, ail, look like等 3、 某些动词的进行时可表被动
The meat is cooking.肉在煮着。The cakes are baking,蛋糕在烘。The book is printing.这本书正在印刷。
4、 主动形式表被动意义。
1）某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义。如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等 Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.她的卧室看起来非常干净和整洁。
2）动名词的主动形式表示被动语态。如：want, deserve, need, require, take, worth等 The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。The children need looking after.孩子们需要照看。 3)某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。 The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解。
The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓。The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂。
5.在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。
eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态）
宾语宾语补足语???????复合宾语
She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态）
▲ 有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。如：
（1）.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday. →The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday. （2）.Mother never lets me watch TV . →I am never let to watch TV by mother.
6. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”
(系表结构)?Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。?ThedoorisclosedbyFengping.这个门是由冯平来关的。(被动语态)比较：（1）?
(系表结构)?Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是坏的。?TheglasswasbrokenbyMary.这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏的。(被动语态)（2）?
（六）常见的被动语态句型结构：
It is(was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought......）that......大家同意（相信、决定、希望、认为）...... It is(was)well known that......众所周知 It is(was)taken for granted that......被视为当然 It must be remembered that......务必记住...... It mustn’t be forgotten that......千万别忘记......
It is(was)said(reported，heard，told，suggested)that......据说(报道、听说、告知、建议......)
被动语态练习
二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.It's said(据说) that the long bridge______________（build）in two months． 2.Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now．
3.Which language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？ 4.The lost boy_____________（not find）so far．
5.Last year a large number of trees______________（cut）down．
6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs. 7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital. 8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop.
9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ? They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood. 10. Can the magazine ________ (take) out of the library? 11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day. 12. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime. 13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already. 14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well. 15. How long _____ your uncle ______(be) in the city? 16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious. 17. Look! Someone __________(dance). 三、按要求改写下列句子，一空一词。
1.Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态） _______ people _________ tea in South China？ 2.I am given a birthday present by my parents every year．（同义句转换）
A birthday present _______ _______ _______ _______by my parents every year． 3.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线提问) How_______ _______ the work going to be finished ? 4. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态) An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children.
5. You needn't do it now. (改为被动语态) It ______ ________ ________ by you now. 6. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态) Metal ________ _________ _______making machines.
7. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态)I ______ ________ ________ ______ that for him. 8.They are watching the football match.The football match _______ _______ _______ by them. 9.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态) __________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago? 10.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态) The light green dresses ________ _________ ___________ out.
11.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us. 四、根据所给汉语完成句子，一空一词。 (1×10=10分)
①The new bike ______ ______ _____ _____ （买给我）by my parents as a present last week． ②_______ your mobile phone _______ _______ ________（是国产的吗）？ ③The whole mountain is _________ _________ (覆盖) the snow.
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