句法 第一讲
?这药吃了准好。
?家里的事不用你管，有我呢。 ?我的法语看报很吃力。 ?这茶才喝出点味儿来。 ?看电视没用。
?城里有许多许多的事他不明白，听朋友们在茶馆里议论更使他发糊涂。 ?苹果太好吃了。
“主语和谓语的关系可以是动作者和动作的关系。但在汉语里，这类 句子的比例是不大的······因此在汉语里，把主语和谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较适合。” ——赵元任 《汉语口语语法》 英语的主谓：支配与被支配，具有明确的形式结构特征
汉语的“话题＋说明”：陈述与被陈述、说明与被说明，语义上的结合
?He got his haberdashery at Charvet?s, but his suits, his shoes and his hats in London. ?普通的服饰买自夏费商店，可衣服鞋帽总要在伦敦买。
?You don?t grow the grain you eat and you don?t make the clothes you wear. ?你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。
?The girl was used to this kind of dialogue for breakfast and more of it for dinner. ?这类话不仅早餐有，午餐也有，这姑娘早就习惯了。
?The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal site for shooting pictures. ?加利福尼亚南部阳光充足，气候宜人，是拍摄影片的理想场所。 ?Tact must be used in requesting permission. ?征求同意，应注意方式方法。
?Mere chance seemed to determine who lived and who died. ?究竟谁死谁活，似乎只由一种偶然性决定。
?We prattle about scientific discoveries, but we have made scant use of them foe our benefit. ?科学上的新发现我们谈了不少，但怎样利用它们为我们服务却做得很不够。
?We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. ?我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件上都有国籍的某种标记。
?I thought about that quotation from Emerson for a long time, and until my heart healed, I left it where my mother had written it.
?这句引自爱默生的话我琢磨良久，并把母亲写的这句话一直留在那儿，直到我的心灵创伤得以愈合。
?(But I never stopped imagining who the anonymous giver might be …) My mother contributed to these imaginings.
?（但是，我对匿名送花人的猜测从未停止过······）冒出这许多遐想，有我母亲的一份功劳。
第二讲
词组堆迭句
?我们村上种地种菜，每年每日，春夏秋冬，风里雨里，那里有个坐着的空儿？
?整座山头，全是牡丹，这时正值春风送暖，牡丹花开，红白相间，香飘万里。风过处，千姿百态，溢光流彩！ ?再次面对我们时，他已变得身材魁伟，相貌英俊，心高气傲，冷酷无情。
?绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声咽，大地阴沉，这日子是如此宁静。
?词组堆迭句：针对一个话题，运用数个简短的词组疏散排列而成的句式。其特点如下： ?整个句子宜从语义结构“话题＋说明”的角度加以分析，和英语的主谓结构大相径庭。
?简短词组或是整齐排列（如均为四言）或是不整齐排列，亦或和较长的词组结构混合排列，均可造成一种韵律简劲、起伏有致的效果，体现出句法和修辞的有机结合。 ?词组讲多呈意合连接，极少使用连接词语。
?She was a tall silent woman with a long nose and grey troubled eyes. ?她是一个沉默的高个子女人，有着长长的鼻子和忧郁的神情。 ?她个子挺高，长长的鼻子，一双灰眼睛，流露出忧郁的神情。
?The emphasis was helped by the speaker?s mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set. ?说话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助她加强了语气。 ?说话人的嘴巴，又阔又薄，绷得紧紧的，更加强了她的语气。
?continuing at Hartfield---the more she contemplated it the more pleasing it became. His evils seemed to lessen, her own advantages to increase, their mutual good to outweigh every drawback.
?他的这种提议，这种结婚与继续停在哈特飞尔德的计划——她越想越高兴。他的不幸似乎在减少，她自己的礼仪似乎在增加，他们共同的好处似乎超越了任何障碍。
?他提出的既能结婚又能留在哈特菲尔德德主意，她越思量越觉得妙。对他既无害，对她也有益，两全其美，尽可为之。 ?Her manner was gentle, and while she was pretty in a freckle-faced, red-haired little girl sort of way, she would turn few heads in the street.
?她举止文雅，面有雀斑，满头红发，像个小女孩那么可爱，但走在大街上引不起多少人的注意。
?The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.
?六月二十七日上午，天气晴朗，阳光明媚，鲜花盛开，绿草如茵，充满了盛夏之日的清新和温暖。
第三讲
静态的名词词组与动态的动宾或主谓词组
——英汉句法对比与翻译
?词组：词组是由若干词构成的造句单位，是语义上和语法上都能逐层搭配起来的没有一个语调的一组词。 ?名词词组：以名词为中心词的词组。
?动宾词组（述宾词组）：动词加上其宾词构成的词组。
?主谓词组：由被陈述与陈述两部分构成的词组，即词组的两部分之间有主谓关系。 ?英语句法名词化现象普遍，即偏重使用名词词组，“名词优势于动词”。 ?You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge.(嵌入一个楔子就可以纠正误差。） ?Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge. ?He failed in this exam, so he felt disheartened. ?His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
?英语的名词化优势往往使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。
?名词化使表达科学思想的一种工具，用在政论文体或科技文体中具有庄重感和严肃感，更能体现哲理性和科学性。（叶斯泊森）
?His support for Portugal?s occupation of Goa has turned the Asian peoples against his government all the more. ?他支持葡萄牙占据果阿，使得亚洲人民更加反对他的政府。
?Built for hard pulling, the Husky has a deep wild chest, thick neck and iron-hard legs. ?爱斯基摩狗胸部宽厚，脖子粗大，腿脚壮实，生来适于拖拉重载。
?His weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. ? 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是他下决心一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息。 ?His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked. ?他所以这样做是由于害怕遭受攻击。
?Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries. ?由于时间不够，他不能访问某些国家。
第四讲
静态vs动态
?英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态；汉语倾向多用动词，因而叙述呈动态。
?英语常用用抽象名词表示行为和动作（如realize-realization, complete-completion)
?发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上被压迫的民族。
?One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. ?火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
?Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. ?英语还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。 ?看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。 ?The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing. ?从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
?A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. ?走过市区的时候，他们看到一起车祸。
?On the walk through the city, they saw a traffic accident. ?从这里可以看到泰山的全景。 ?A panoramic view can be obtained here.
?他一想到这场灾难，两腿就像又千斤重，再也挪不动一步了。
?At the thought of this mishap, his legs stiffened under him,and could not move a step further. ?她不耐烦地咒骂了一两声，把头发从眼睛上拨开，才看到了他。
?After an impatient oath or two, she got her hair away from her eyes, sufficiently to obtain a sight of him.
?英语中常用名词表示施事者（agentive noun），以代替动词。也就是说，大量由动词派生（如以er或or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构。而汉语中由动词加后缀构成的名词（如读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工）用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换成汉语动词。 ?You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. ?你一定不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。
?He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt; and a partiality for the tavern. （Vanity Fair”)
?他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。 ?我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
?I am afraid I can?t teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I . ?在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。
?Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man?s past wrong doings. ?他能吃能睡。
?He is a good eater and a good sleeper. ?他是个笔头快的年轻人。 ?He is a young and rapid writer. ?他常来。
?He was a regular visitor. ?他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。 ?He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaller.
?我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇，她怎么变得这么恨我呢？ ?She is the best hater I?ve ever known. How she got to hate me so much. ?他热爱中国画。
?He is a lover of Chinese painting. ?可能扮演这种角色的有好几个人。
?There were various possible players for the role. ?过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。
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