a dozen previousstudies had been done, including one we ourselves completed on language diversity in thePacific.
但是，当我们由来自6个不同学科和8个不同国家的多样化研究人员组成的团队开始回顾已知的情况时，我们感到震惊的是，此前已经完成的研究只有12项，其中包括我们自己完成的一项关于太平洋地区语言多样性的研究。
These prior efforts all examined the degree to which different environmental, social andgeographic variables correlated with the number of languages found in a given location.
这些先前的研究都审查了不同的环境、社会和地理变量与某一地点所发现的语言数目之间的关系。 The results varied a lot from one study to another, and no clear patterns emerged.
不同的研究结果有很大的差异，没有清晰的模式出现。
The studies also ran up against many methodological challenges, the biggest of which centeredon the old statistical saying—correlation does not equal causation. 这些研究还遇到了许多方法论上的挑战，其中最大的挑战集中在旧的统计说法上——相关性并不等于因果关系。
19. What does the speaker say about the island of Makelua? 19. 关于马基卢阿岛，讲者说了什么？
20. What do we learn from the talk about languages in the world? 20. 我们从关于世界语言的演讲中学到了什么？
21. What have the diversed team of researchers found about the previous studies on languagediversity?
21. 这个由不同研究人员组成的团队在之前的语言多样性研究中发现了什么？ (2).
（分数：14.2）
A.They are spread randomly across the world. B.Some are more difficult to learn than others.
C.More are found in tropical regions than in the mild zones. √ D.They enrich and impact each other in more ways than one. 解析： (3).
（分数：14.2）
A.They used different methods to collect and analyze data. B.They identified distinct patterns of language distribution. C.Their conclusions do not correspond to their original hypotheses. D.There is no conclusive account for the cause of language diversity. √
解析：
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.（分数：56.8） Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.（分数：56.8） (1).
（分数：14.2）
A.Its middle?class is disappearing. √ B.Its wealth is rationally distributed. C.Its population is rapidly growing. D.Its cherished dream is coming true. 解析： 听力原文： Recording Three 录音 3
We often hear people say that America is a land ofopportunity, a country built on hope to aspire thegreatness on the American dream.
我们经常听到人们说，美国是一片充满机遇的土地，一个希望实现伟大美国梦的国家。 But is the dream as we once knew it dying? 但是，我们曾经知道的这个梦想会消亡吗？
Today's demographics show that the middle-class is disappearing and now the richest 1% of thepopulation has mastered more wealth than the bottom 90%.
今天的人口统计数据显示，中产阶级正在消失，现在最富有的1%人口掌握的财富超过了底层90%的人口。 Once upon a time, Americans thought that if they worked hard enough, even in the phase ofadversity, they would be rewarded with success. 从前，美国人认为只要他们足够努力，即使在逆境中，他们也会获得成功。
These days, though, the divide between rich and poor is greater than it has ever been. Thequestion is, what is it going to take to change things? 然而，如今，贫富之间的差距比以往任何时候都要大。问题是，怎样才能改变现状？
Maybe one day soon real change will actually be made in our nation and the gap will beeradicated. But what happens in the meantime?
也许有一天，我们的国家真的会发生真正的变化，差距将被消除。但在此期间会发生什么呢？
Is there something that we can do to help close the gap? Is there something that we can do toprove that a little compassion goes a long way? 我们能做些什么来缩小差距吗？我们能做些什么来证明一点同情心能帮助我们走得更远？
If we want to fix the problem of the income gap, first, we have to understand it.
如果我们想解决收入差距的问题，首先，我们必须了解它。
It is a grim reality that you can have one person who only makes around $13,000 a year, oracross town, another is making millions.
这是一个残酷的现实，可能会有一个人年收入只有1.3万美元左右，或者在城市的另一头，另一个人年收入数百万美元。
For me, it is kind of astonishing. And if you ask low-income people what's the one thing thatwill change their life, they'll say \full-time job.\
对我来说，这有点令人惊讶。如果你问低收入人群，什么会改变他们的生活，他们会说“一份全职工作”。 That's all they aspire to. So why is it so difficult for so many people to find employment?
这就是他们所渴望的。那么为什么这么多人找工作这么难呢？
It partly comes down to profit-driven business models that are built around low-wage work andpart-time jobs that don't provide benefits.
这在一定程度上要归因于利润驱动的商业模式，这种模式建立在低工资工作和不提供福利的兼职工作的基础上。
Businesses, in order to boost profits, hire employees as part-time workers only. 企业为了提高利润，只雇佣兼职工人。
This means they are paid the lowest legal wage and receive no health care or other benefitsprovided to full-time employees.
这意味着他们的工资是法定最低的，没有医疗保健或其他福利提供给全职员工。
Simultaneously, technological advancement and a global economy has reduced the demand forwell-paying blue-collar jobs here in the United States. 与此同时，技术进步和全球经济的发展降低了美国对高薪蓝领工作的需求。
The cumulative effect of these two factors is that many Americans are forced to take two ormore part-time jobs, just to make ends meet.
这两个因素的累积效应是，许多美国人被迫做两份或两份以上的兼职工作，只是为了收支相抵。
What has become obvious to me when it comes to the income gap is that there needs to be anopportunity for the people at the bottom to push them back up and push them into themiddle-class to give them hope in their lives.
在谈到收入差距时，我已经清楚地认识到，底层的人们需要一个机会，把他们推回到中产阶级，让他们的生活充满希望。
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. 根据你刚刚听到的录音，回答问题第22至25题。
22. What do the surveys show about America according to the speaker? 22. 根据讲者所说，这些调查显示了关于美国的什么情况？ 23. What did Americans use to believe? 23. 美国人过去相信什么？
24. What do low-income people aspire to? 24. 低收入人群渴望什么？
25. What do businesses do to increase their revenues? 25. 企业如何增加收入？ (2).
（分数：14.2）
A.Success was but a dream without conscientious effort. B.They could realize their dreams through hard work. √ C.A few dollars could go a long way. D.Wealth was shared by all citizens. 解析： (3).
（分数：14.2）
A.Better working conditions. B.Better?paying jobs. C.High social status. D.Full employment. √ 解析： (4).
（分数：14.2）
A.Reduce the administrative costs. B.Adopt effective business models. C.Hire part?time employees only. √ D.Make use of the latest technology. 解析：
三、Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.50)
Surfing the Internet during class doesn't just steal focus from the educator; it also hurts students who're already struggling to 【C1】______ the material. A new study from Michigan State University, though, argues that all students—including high achievers—see a decline in performance when they browse the Internet during class for non?academic purposes.
To measure the effects of Internet?based distractions during class, researchers 【C2】______ 500 students taking an introductory psychology class at Michigan State University. Researchers used ACT scores as a measure of intellectual【C3】______ . Because previous research has shown that people with high intellectual abilities are better at 【C4】______ out distractions, researchers believed students with high ACT scores would not show a 【C5】______ decrease in performance due to their use of digital devices. But students who surfed the web during class did worse on their exams regardless of their ACT scores, suggesting that even the academically smartest students are harmed when they're distracted in class.
College professors are increasingly 【C6】______ alarm bells about the effects smartphones, laptops, and tablets have on academic performance. One 2013 study of college students found that 80% of students use their phones or laptops during class, with the average student checking their digital device 11 times in a 【C7】______ class. A quarter of students report that their use of digital devices during class causes their grades to 【C8】______ .
Professors sometimes implement policies designed to 【C9】______ students' use of digital devices, and some instructors even confisate（没收） tablets and phones. In a world where people are increasingly dependent on their phones, though, such strategies often fail. One international study found that 84% of people say they couldn't go a day without their smartphones. Until students are able to 【C10】______ the pull of social networking, texting, and endlessly surfing the web, they may continue to struggle in their classes. A) aptitude B) eradication C) evaluated D) evaporated E) filtering F) grasp G) legacy H) minimize I) obscure J) obsess
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