Unit5 Design of machine and machine elements
机器和机器零件的设计
Machine design机器设计
Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes. In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole. During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials. Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken. In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed. Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance. The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.
机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。一般来讲，机器时有多种不同的合理设计并有序装配在一起的部件构成的，在最初的机器设计阶段，必须基本明确负载、元件的运动情况、工程材料的合理使用性能。负责新机器的设计最初的最重要的是经济性考虑。一般来说，选择总成本最低的设计方案，不仅要考虑设计、制造、销售、安装的成本。还要考虑服务的费用，机械要保证必要
的安全性能和美观的外形。制造机器的目标不仅要追求保证只用功能的合理寿命，还要保证足够便宜以同时保证其经济的可行性。
The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only
have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.
负责设计机器的工程师，不仅要经过专业的培训，而且必须是一个准确判断而又有丰富经验的人，具有一种有足够时间从事专门的实际工作的素质。
Design of machine elements机器零件的设计
The principles of design are, of course, universal. The same theory or
equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment. In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final. They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work. Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.
相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用
在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那麽每一个零件都要设计计算。
The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to
predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.
当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。
In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment
have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part. The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.
另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。
As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology. As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism. The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design:
综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单： ① Initial design conception; 最初的设计理念 ② Strength analysis;受力分析 ③ Materials selection;材料的选择 ④ Appearance; 外形 ⑤ Manufacturing;制造 ⑥ Safety;安全性
⑦ Environment effects;环境影响
⑧Reliability and life; 可靠性及寿命 Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains. The forces may be;
在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。这些力可能是：
① Gradually applied;渐变力 ② Suddenly applied;瞬时力 ③ Applied under impact;冲击力
④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;不断变化的力 ⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.温差 If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made. Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure. The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces. Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces. In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions. In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.
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