movements and self-directed behaviour when exposed to the mirror. More specifically they gave selective attention to the mirror by displaying significantly more repetitive movements than under control conditions as well as several unusual behaviours, such as exposing and observing their underside in the mirror and bubble blowing, similar to what was observed when bottlenose dolphins were exposed to a mirror.
Mantas are also able to change their colour, rapidly increasing the intensity of their white markings when a new individual approaches. This was not observed when they were exposed to the mirror, making it reasonable to assume that the animals did not recognize their mirror image as a new individual and that the observed behaviours were not part of normal social interaction.
Overall, Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study provides evidence for behavioural responses known to be prerequisites（先决条件） for self-awareness and which have been used by other researchers to confirm self-recognition in ape species. This experiment shines a light on the potential cognitive capabilities of fish and calls into question the ethical (伦理道德的) practices of current fisheries. Protection in some regions does exist. Despite this, up to 1,000 giant mantas are thought to be harvested from specific locations every year for their meat and gill rakers, the latter being traded as a kind of medicine.
58. Dr Csilla Ari and Dr Dominic D‘Agostino conducted the study to ______. A. explore how mantas can survive in extreme conditions B. display that mantas can interact with human beings C. illustrate where self-recognition test can be applied D. prove mantas have the ability to recognize themselves 59. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The final result of Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study. B. The real purpose of Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study. C. The theoretical basis of Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study. D. The far-reaching significance of Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study. 60. How did Ari and D‘Agostino make their findings? A. By observing mantas‘ behaviours. B. By recording mantas‘ colour changes.
C. By collecting statistics from self-recognition tests. D. By comparing the differences between mantas and apes. 61. The result of Ari and D‘Agostino‘s study could lead to ______. A. better protection of mantas
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