英语句子成分难点之双宾语&宾语补足语
一、双宾语的概念
1、双宾语也就是一个动词后面出现了两个动作的承受者,一个表示人的,而另一个表示物的。其中表示人的宾语叫间接宾语,而表示物的叫直接宾语。比如pass me the book中,me是间接宾语,指人;the book是直接宾语,指物。这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语。 二、双宾语在句子中的结构是: 主语+动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
三、引导双宾语常见的词有:give pass show make buy build sing teach send… 但是有的时候,我们在句子中可以把两种宾语调换位置。这时要求在表示人的宾语前加个“to” 结构:“主语+动词+直接宾语(物)+ to+间接宾语(人)”Eg: I give Liu Chang a book ----- I give a book to Liu Chang. 1.双宾语异位时需借助介词to的常用动词:
award sb sth=award sth to sb 颁奖给某人 bring sb sth =bring sth to sb 把某物带给某人 hand sb sth=hand sth to sb 把某物递给某人 lend sb sth =lend sth to sb 把某物借给某人 offer sb sth=offer sth to sb 将某物给某人 write sb sth =write sth to sb 给某人写信 owe sb sth=owe sth to sb 欠某人某物 pass sb sth=pass sth to sb 把某物递给某人 pay sb sth =pay sth to sb付给某人某物(钱) post sb sth = post sth to sb 把某物寄给某人 read sb sth = read sth to sb 把某物读给某人听 return sb sth = return sth to sb 把某物还给某人 send sb sth = send sth to sb把某物送给某人 sell sb sth =sell sth to sb 把某物卖给某人 serve sb sth=serve sth to sb 拿某物招待某人 show sb sth= show sth to sb 拿某物给某人看 take sb sth =take sth to sb 把某物拿给某人 teach sb sth =teach sth to sb 教某人某物
tell sb sth =tell sth to sb 告诉某人某情况 throw sb sth=throw sth to sb 把某物扔给某人 有的时候不用to,而用介词for,结构为:“主语+动词+直接宾语(物)+ for+间接宾语(人)” Eg: I bought him a book .--- --I bought a book for him . 2.双宾语异位时需借助介词for的常用动词
book sb sth =book sth for sb 为某人预订某物 buy sb sth =buy sth for sb为某人买某物 choose sb sth =choose sth for sb 为某人选某物 cook sb sth =cook sth for sb 为某人煮某物 draw sb sth =draw sth for sb为某人画某物 fetch sb sth=fetch sth for sb 为某人去取某物 find sb sth =find sth for sb为某人找到某物 fix sb sth =fix sth for sb为某人准备某物 get sb sth =get sth for sb 为某人拿来某物 make sb sth=make sth for sb 为某人做某物 order sb sth =order sth for sb 为某人订购某物 pick sb sth =pick sth for sb为某人采摘某物 prepare sb sth =prepare sth for sb 为某人准备某物 save sb sth =save sth for sb 为某人留某物 sing sb sth =sing sth for sb 为某人唱某物 spare sb sth =spare sth for sb 为某人让出某物 3、而有的动词后接双宾语时,既不能用介词to引出间接宾语,也不能用介词for引出间接宾语 如allow, ask, charge, cost, forgive等: 四、宾语补足语的概念
某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要补充一个成分,句意才完整。这个成分即称为宾语补足语,简称宾补。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。宾语通常由名词或代词充当,宾补通常由不定式,分词 ,形容词,副词,介宾短语等构成。宾补部分表示宾语发出的动作、身份、特征等。
Eg. I'm going to paint it pink. 句子中的it显然是宾语。主语将要做的并不是it,而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。
五、宾语补足语与双宾语的区别
宾补是用来补充说明宾语的,而双宾语中直接宾语和间接宾语在句子中的地位是平等的。二者在本质上是不同的。 比如:They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语,间接宾语和直接宾语在句子中的地位是平等的。而I like to keep everything tidy. 这里everything是宾语,tidy是宾补,tidy是用来补充everthing的。 六、宾语补足语的各种形式
能够充当宾补大致有:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。比如:I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补) I saw the kite up and down. (up and down是副词做宾补)
Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式) 1、宾补为不定式的一些常见动词
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 ask sb. to do sth. 请(叫)某人做某事 beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 drive sb. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
get sb. to do sth. 使(要)某人做某事 help sb. (to)do sth. 帮助某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事 need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事 order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事 request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事 train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事 trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事 mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语 ①宾补接不定式但是必须省略”to”的动词
动词不定式在使役动词(make,let, have)或感官动词(feel,listen to,hear, look at,see,watch,notice)等之后作宾补时不定式需省去to。为了便于记忆,我们可以这样记 “五视”(look at,see,watch,notice,observe),“三使”(let,make,have)、“二听”(listen, hear)、“一感觉”(feel)、。例如: I felt someone open my door.我感觉有人开了我的门。
Please listen to me sing the song again.请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。 You can't let the boy stand in the sun.你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。
You must watch me carefully do everything.你必须仔细观察我所做的一切。 注意1:以上句子在变被动语态时,省略的不定式符号to必须加上。例如: We were made to make ten sentences with these words. Is the building felt to move?
注意2:感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补,也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是:前者强调动作的全过程或经常性;后者则强调动作在进行(片断)。试比较: I heard her sing.我听见她唱了歌。 I heard her singing.我听见她在唱歌。
②、即可以带to或不带to的不定式作宾补 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补,也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补。例如: He often helps me(to)clean the room.他经常帮助我打扫房间。 2、宾补为名词 They named the baby Jim. / We call him Tom.
3、宾补为形容词 They painted the wall white. / I always find her happy and gay(愉快). 4、宾补为介宾短语People praised(称赞) him as a national hero. / The next morning I found him at his machine again. 5、宾补为分词 I heard somebody knocking at the door. / He had his ankle sprained扭伤() while playing football. 七、常加宾语补足语的动词:
1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语 这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是\形容词或名词\结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. He proved that theory (to be) very important.
2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语,这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。 I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。
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