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stand
站, 立, 站起, (使)竖立, (使)位于, 维持不变, 持久, 经受 steal偷, 窃取, 偷窃, 偷盗 sweep扫, 打扫, 清扫, , 扫过, 掠过 swim游泳, 漂浮, 潮流, 眼花 take拿, 拿走, 取, 抓, 占领, 获得, 接受,
teach讲授, 教授
Tear 扯, 撕, 撕破, 戳破, 拉掉, 折磨, 使分裂, 撕掉
tell告诉, 说, 吩咐, 断定, 知道 讲述, 泄密, 告发, 表明, 作证 think想, 思索, 认为 认为, 以为, 预料 throw投, 掷
扔, 抛, (指马)把骑者摔在地上, 使苦恼, 惊忧, 投掷
understand懂, 了解, 听说, 推定, 以为
wake叫醒, 激发 醒来, 醒着, 警觉, 振奋
wear穿, 戴
(～ out) 磨损, 用旧, (～ out) 穿着 win (获)胜, 赢得, 劝诱, 取得胜利 赢, 胜利
write书写, 著述, 写, 写满, 写信给 写, 写字, 写信, 写作, 作曲
stood stood
stole swept swam took taught tore told thought threw
stolen swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown
understood woke wore won wrote
understood waked worn won written
1. An old friend from abroad, _____ I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport. (2000年) A. that B. whom C. who D. which
解析: 答案选B。whom, 关系代词，在定语从句中做with的宾语，指人。本句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。that不引导非限制性定语从句。
2. This is one of the best books _______ on the subject. (2000年) A. that have ever been written B. which have ever been written C. that has ever been written D. whatever have been written
解析: 答案选A。因为先行词books前有形容词的最高级best修饰，所以只能用that引导定语从句，选A。当先行词前有形容词最高级、only或very修饰时，要用that引导这个定语从句。定语从句中的谓语和先行词保持一致。
3. The United States is composed of fifty states, two of those are A B separated from the others by land or water. (2000年)
C D
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解析: 答案选B。应改为：two of which。在非限制性定语从句中，限定词some, any, none, all, several以及表示数量的词可与of whom, of which连用。先行词是物用of which; 是人用of whom。本题中which指fifty states。
动词后接不定式做宾语完全是英语中的习惯用法，必须死记硬背，并且养成习惯。下面是一些常跟不定式做宾语的动词:
wish, like, hate讨厌、憎恨, decide决定, afford供应得起, agree同意, learn学习, start, begin, love, claim声称、主张, want, promise 答应、许诺, hope, plan, prepare准备、预备, intend打算, expect期待, fail在什么中失败
不定式做宾语，后面带补语时须后置，用it做形式宾语。可以用于这种结构的动词有：think, consider, feel, find, choose选择, imagine想象, 设想, judge判断性, declare宣布、宣告、声明, prove证明、证实, report, select选择, 挑选, understand
▲ 动词不定式做宾语补语
在感官动词和一些表示让某人做某事的动词后应省略不定式的to。可以用于这种结构的动词有feel, hear, notice通知、注意, see, watch, have, help, let, make等。 注：当不定式做主语补语时to不可省。
不定式可以表示比较，通常和as if，as though连用，意思是好像。 在下列形容词做表语时，后面可跟不定式
glad, please使什么满意, ready准备就绪的, eager渴望的, anxious担心, sorry感到抱歉的、 惋惜, surprised, able, sure确信
不定式在plan, wish, expect等个别动词后面做宾语，有时用完成时来表示与事实相反的情况
▲ 时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的连词有when, while, as, the moment, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as , by the time 等。请注意when, while ,as 的区别。
when--1.当...的时候 通常指某一特定的时间,主句与从句的动作同时发生。 ● When I opened the window, I saw him come up. ● When I was eight I began to study English. ● When I have time I will go to see you. ●
注：如果时间状语从句中，主从句都是将来的动作或状态时，英语习惯上主句用将来时，从句用一般
He said he would tell her about it when he saw her. ● By the time John gets home, his aunt will have left .
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时。
when--2.正在...的时候，突然...。 通常主句是进行时或to be about to时，在翻译的时候，when可以译成没想到或突然。
● I was walking along the street, when I met him. 我正在街上走突然遇见了他。
● One evening, little Hans was sitting near the fire when he heard a loud knock at the door. 一天晚上,小汉斯正坐在火炉旁,突然听到有人使劲敲门。
when--3.当从句是进行时,主句是一般时,往往表示不满. ● When I was leaving the house, the postman arrived. 我刚要离开，邮递员偏偏来了。
while--1.在...期间 往往指一段时间。
● While we were in America, we saw him twice. 我们在美国期间，见过他两次。 ● While we were talking, he came in. 我们正说着话，他来了。
while--2.表示一种不满情绪 意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受等。 ●We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing football. 我们这儿在打扫教室而他们在踢足球。
as--1.一边...一边，随着
● She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.
as--2. 指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。 (不能用when因为两个动作不是同时发生)
● As I was going out, it began to rain. 我刚要出去，天就下雨了。
the moment –一…就…(=as soon as)
● –Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?
--Yes, I gave it to her the moment I saw her.
--你还记得你把欠玛丽的钱给她了吗？ --我一见她的时候我给她了。
not...until--直到...才
● He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work.
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直到他干完工作，才离开办公室。 =He left the office when he finished the work. 注: not...until可以和when互换， Before--在...之前
● The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs.
After--在...之后
● The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.
Since--自从... 通常主句用现在完成时
● I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.
as soon as--一…就…
● Jack went to school as soon as he got well.
杰克病一好就去上学了。
no sooner--than--一…就…
● No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚回家就走了。
注：no sooner than要求倒装。 ▲ 条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless(=if not), as (so) long as, in case, provided(that), on condition that, etc. if--如果
● If you don’t hurry up, you will miss the plane.
unless--如果不，除非 =if not
● He will not join us unless he changes his mind. = He will not join us if he does not change his mind.
as(so) long as--只要
● We will succeed as long as we keep on trying. ● You can play the game as long as you remember the rules.
as(so) far as--据…所知
● As far as I know he speaks English very well.
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in case--假使，如果
● The plane can not take off in case it rains.
provided that--如果 有时省略that
● The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.
on condition that--条件是
● He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.
注：如果主从句的动作发生在将来，则主句用将来时，从句用一般时。
▲ 地点状语从句
地点状语从句只有两个连词: where和wherever.
where—在...的地方
● Put the medicine where you can easily get it.
● Where that high building stands, there used to be some low, dilapidated（荒废的）houses.
wherever--无论哪里
● He follows her wherever she goes.
● Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you.
▲ 原因状语
Because, as, since, now(that), in that 和for, 这5个连词都用于表示原因，但在语气上一个比一个弱。
because--因为，通常从句放在主句之后。
● Mr. Smith was very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage.
as--因为，通常放在句首。
● As it is quite windy today, he decides to take the bus in stead of riding a bicycle.
since--既然，因语气较弱，常译成既然。 ● Since everybody has come, we can set off.
now that--既然。
● Now that you are here, you can join us.
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