量的贫乏。为了做到这一点, 我们一般采取如下的方法: (1) 使用不同的单词或短语表达同样的概念。同其他语言一样, 英语中也存在着大量的同义词, 而且在许多情况下, 一个单词的含义往往可以使用一些短语来表示。例如:
1. The fog was so thick that we could not see anything.(dense) The fog was so dense that we could not see anything.
2. You'd better take this table away. It takes too much room.(space) You'd better take this table away. It takes too much space.
3. It is said that the new railway station is about twenty miles away from our college.(some,distant) It is said that the new railway station is some twenty miles distant from our college.
4. Finally he came to understand it.(At length, In the end, At last?) At length he came to understand it. In the end he came to understand it. At last he came to understand it.
5. Even if I had a large amount of money, I wouldn't spend much on foods.(lots of, a lot of?)
Even if I had loads of money, I wouldn't spend much on foods. Even if I had a lot of money, I wouldn't spend much on foods. 6. An increase in demand causes higher prices.(resultsin, leads to, produces)
An increase in demand results in higher prices. An increase in demand leads to higher prices. An increase in demand produces higher prices.
7. It is generally/widely accepted that ?(argued, held, believed) It is generally/widely argued that ? It is generally/widely held that ? It is generally/widely believed that ?
8. In conclusion, it can be said that ?(In short, In a word, Finally) In short, it can be said that ? In a word, it can be said that ? Finally, it can be said that ?
9. The demand has increased. Therefore, the prices are higher.(So, As a result, Accordingly, Because of this, Thus, Hense, For this reason, Now)
The demand has increased. So , the prices are higher.
The demand has increased. As a result , the prices are higher. The demand has increased. Accordingly , the prices are higher. The demand has increased. Because of this , the prices are higher. The demand has increased. Thus , the prices are higher. The demand has increased. Hence , the prices are higher.
The demand has increased. For this reason , the prices are higher. The demand has increased. Now , the prices are higher. 10.It is very important that ?(of great importance, of great significance, essential, necessary, of great necessity) It is of great importance that ? It is of great significance that ? It is essential that ? It is necessary that ?
It is of great necessity that ? (2) 采用替代的方法。为了避免不必要的重复, 我们可以根据上述“ 同一概念用不同的词表达”的原则, 采用替代或变换说法等方法, 这里所说的替代包括用代词和具有相同指代功能的词替代。例如:
1. Some college teachers argue that students should give up love of the sake for learning. They maintain that love is time consuming and tears one away from learning. If a student falls in love, he will certainly fall behind in his courses.
上面一段就是使用了代词替代的方法, 分别用 they 指代 some college teachers, he代替a student, 这样不仅避免了重复, 而且还可以起到连接上下文的效果。
2. A computer can be made to do all problems that its human operator could do if he had unlimited time to make his computations. The machine, however, will let you have the answer much faster. 上段利用machine和computer 之间的上下文关系, 用the machine 来代替computer, 避免了重复。
第四章 短文写作的造句
[第一章] [第二章] [第三章] [第五章] [第六章]
[第七章] [第八章] [第九章] [第十章] [第十一章] [第十二章]
句子是能够表达完整意思, 在语法上可以独立运用的基本语言单位。一篇文章是一组由语义相关的句子组成, 句子的好坏直接影响到一篇作文的质量。要写好研究生入学考试的作文, 也必须从句子开始, 多下功夫, 不断练习。
一、语 法 规 范
任何一个句子, 尤其是书面语的句子, 首先要做到合乎语法规范, 如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态以及其他语法规则。例如:
1. A series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend. (were、was)
2. There are many students play football on the sports ground. (play、playing)
3. People there are not rich to purchase a car.
(People there are not rich enough to purchase a car.)
4. It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.
(It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.)
5. There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
(There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.)
另外, 在造句时尤其要避免犯溶合句的错误, 所谓的溶合句是指两个或两个以上的句子没有适当的标点符号或连接词而溶合在一起。例如:
He does not speak too rapidly, his voice is loud, it can be heard by everyone in the classroom. 应修改为:
He does not speak too rapidly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard by everyone in the classroom. 二、一 致 性
句子的一致性在此主要是指意思的完整性, 也就是说, 一个句子所表达的应该是一个相对完整的意思。例如:
1. Bicycles are so popular in China.
这是一个意义很不完整的句子, 我们应该对它再做进一步的补充说明, 修改成:
Bicycles are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.
2. Born in London in 1921, he grew up to be a physicist. 句子所陈述的两项事实之间的关系不密切, 缺乏一致性。应改为:
He was born in London in 1921. 匜inally he became a physicist. 3. Many students go to school and live at home. In this way combining the advantages of both school and home.
由于标点符号的误用, 使得短语被作为一个独立的句子看待, 影响了句子的一致性, 可以改为:
Many students go to school and live at home, in this way combining the advantages of both school and home.
三、连 贯 性
句子的连贯性是指句子的成分之间连接正确, 条理清楚, 整体结构自然流畅, 融会贯通。句子的连贯性包含两层含义: 句子各部分意义上的连贯和句子各部分之间结构上的连贯。在使用复合句时, 最容易犯连贯性差的错误。一个句子可以表达两个或多层意思, 但各层意思之间必须具有一定的内在联系和逻辑关系, 如果将两个完全不同的思想置于同一个句子中, 用并列关系或从属关系表示, 则完全破坏了句子的连贯性。而且, 在使用复合句时, 必须弄清句子要表达的主要思想和次要思想, 并摆好主次之间的关系。除此之外, 修饰成分位置不当, 平行结构使用不合理以及非谓语动词作状语的误用等等, 都有可能破坏句子的连贯性。例如:
1. He was knocked down, but it was not serious. 在上句中, 代词it指代不明确, 可以改为:
He was knocked down, but was not seriously hurt. 2. He told my brother he was wrong.
在上句中, 代词he指代模棱两可, 可以改为:
He admitted that he was wrong and said so to my brother. 3. Tom is charming, clever, and a very capable young man. 上句所使用的平行结构有问题, 可以改为:
Tom is charming, clever and very capable. 或者:
Tom is a charming, clever and very capable young man.
4. To succeed in a scientific research, persistence is needed. 不定式的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致, 可以改为:
To succeed in a scientific research, one needs to be persistent. 5. Looking out of window, a lake can be seen. 分词的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致, 可以改为: Looking out of window, I can see a lake. 四、句式的多样性
在上面我们已经提到, 在写作时要注意句式的变化, 使文章读起来富有生气。同样一个意思可以通过多种句式来表达, 例如:
需求的增长导致了价格的升高。这一意义我们可以通过下列句式来表达:
The cause of/reason for higher prices was an increase in demand. The/One effect/consequence/result of an increase in demand is higher prices.
The demand has increased. Therefore/So/As a result/ Accordingly / Consequently/Because of this/Thus/Hence/For this reason/Now, the prices are higher.
Because/As/Since/Now that the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
An increase in demand often causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.
Higher prices are caused by/due to an increase in demand. The prices are higher because of/as a result of/on account of /owing
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