49. For example, an activity for the preparation of a foundation would involve laborers, cement workers, concrete forms, concrete, reinforcement, transportation of materials and other resources. Even a more disaggregated activity definition such as erection of foundation forms would involve numerous resources such as forms, nails, carpenters, laborers and material transportation.
例如，一项桩基础的施工准备工作可能会包含劳动力、水泥工、混凝土搅拌、混凝土浇筑与养护、材料运输以及其他一些资源等。甚至想预制桩的吊装这样综合性并不强的工作也会需要模板、钉子、木工、工人和材料运输等多种资源。 50. To integrate cost and schedule information, the disaggregated charges for specific activities and specific cost accounts must be the basis of analysis. 因此，为了对成本和进度信息进行综合，我们必须把针对具体工作和具体成本报告的分解费用作为分析的基础。
51. In some cases, it might also be desirable to identify work elements by the responsible organization or individual. In this case, a three dimensional representation of wok elements is required, with the third dimension corresponding to responsible individuals.
在有些情况下，有关负责的组织和个人也想对作业要素进行识别，这样一来，作业要素就需要一个三维的表达方式，其中第三维对应于有关负责的组织或个人。 52. In particular, the costs associated with specific activities could be obtained as the sum of the work elements appearing in any row in Table 10-1. These costs could be used to evaluate alternate technologies to accomplish particular activities or to derive the expected project cash flow over time as the schedule changes.
尤其是，通过汇总出现在图10-1内任一行的作业要素，我们可以得到具体工作的相关成本，这些成本可以用来评价完成具体工作的各个技术方案，或者得出随着进度变化的预期现金流量。
53. From the management perspective, problems developing from particular activities could be rapidly identified since costs would be accumulated at such a disaggregated level.
从管理角度而言，由于成本已经能在如此细的程度上进行累计，源于具体工作的一些问题就可以及时地予以识别。
54. However, even a density of two percent (so that each activity would have eight cost accounts and each account would have eight associated activities on the average) would involve nearly thirteen thousand work elements.
然而，及时只有2%的集中度（即每项工作被反映在8个成本报告中和每个成本报告平均包含8项工作），那就会有仅13000个的作用要素。
55. Moreover, the benefits from integration of schedule and cost information are particularly noticeable in materials control since delivery schedules are directly affected and bulk order discounts might be identified.
此外，因为运输计划可以直接调整，同时大宗订单的折扣也能识别出来，这就使得进度和成本信息综合所带来的好处更加明显。
56. In the absence of a work element accounting system, costs associated with particular activities are usually estimated by summing expenses in all cost accounts directly related to an activity plus a proportion of expenses in cost accounts used jointly by two or more activities. 如果没有作业要素会计系统，我们则通过汇总所有成本报告中与意向工作直接相关的费用，再加上一定比例的成本报告中的两个或者两个以上工作共同发生的费用来估算具体的相关成本。
57. For example, cost associated with supervision might be allocated to different concreting activities on the basis of the amount of wok (measured in cubic yard of concrete) in the different activities.
例如，现场监理发生的费用可根据不同工作的劳动量（以立方英尺混凝土计）分摊到不同的混凝土施工工作中。
58. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.
而随着这些直接成本的增加，工程保险和监督检查等间接费用也会迅速增加。好的项目经理应努力确保工作一开始就顺利，在项目的进展过程中不出现大的意外。
59. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decision。正是在前期阶段，我们做出了有关结构体系、材料规格和功能要求等方面的重要决策。而施工阶段的质量控制则是确保对于这些初始设计和规划的遵守和执行。
60. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. 首先，不可预见事件、设计失误或者业主提出的关于实施功能的变更都会要求在施工过程中对设计进行重新评价。
61. For example, some tunneling methods upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. 例如，有关隧道掘进中支撑数量方案的决策需要建立在隧道掘进过程中对不同位置土壤状况进行观测的基础上。由于这样的决策是建立在有关现场实际条件的更为详尽的信息基础之上，所以设计方案会更为符合实际。
62. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.
而无论在那种情形下，确保施工的质量和安全，是除了人力、成本和进度等管理问题之外，项目经理在项目整个过程中必须予以关注的事情。
63. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors. 然而，OSHA的检查人员所能查访到的施工现场毕竟有限，加之大多数施工现场的意外事件并非由于违反现行标准而引起。因而，现场的安全责任说到底还是应当又项目经理来承担。
64. In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. 除了各组织实体会涉及质量控制之外，实际上几乎所有施工活动的功能领域都会涉及质量控制。
65. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. 来自供应商的材料或者某个组织完成的工作只有当其缺陷比例在允许的质量水平之内时，才可以被当作合格并检查通过。
66. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year
尽管零缺陷这个目标是永远没有办法达到的，但它却为组织提供了一个目标，使得组织对其质量控制计划从不满意，即使缺陷数目逐年都有显著的降低。
67. Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. 全面质量控制是组织的所有部分对于质量的一个承诺，它通常包括很多要素，用以保证施工过程安全有效的设计评审工作就是一个主要因素。
68. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good recodes can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.
材料供应商在提供产品时，也应保证零缺陷。起初，供应商的所有材料都要被抽检，而有缺陷的批次会被退回。有良好记录的供应商可以经核准而免去全项检查。 69. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced, worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality
与库存、返工、次品和维修等有关的成本会有所减少，工人的工作热情和责任心则有很大的提高。顾客也会认同更好的质量工作，并愿意为优异的质量支付额外的价款。
Developing the construction plan 制定施工计划 Numerous alternative plans大量的备选方案
Proper precedence among activities 工作间适当地前导关系 Critical path scheduling procedure关键线路进度计划程序 Job shop scheduling 施工现场进度安排 construction planning施工计划
consciousness意识 synthesize综合 implication 含义 detective侦探 yield产生 normative规范的 distinctive区别 evolve演化，进化，推断 precedence 先导 interchangeable 可相互替换的 terminology术语
tedious单调而令人厌烦的 nomenclature术语，术语表 facet面，方面 database数据库 storage存储 recall记忆 subdivision细分 manpower人力 signpost路标 milestone里程碑 coarse粗略的 hierarchy层次结构 debris建筑废弃物 node节点
spatial空间的 design drawing设计图纸 network网络 predecessor紧前活动 successor紧后工作 insidious危险的 installation安装 omission省略，遗漏 excavation开挖 trench沟槽 constraint约束 flexibility弹性 priority 优先顺序 buckets 吊斗式
Transport concrete in buckets 预拌混凝土运输 Simulation technique 模拟技术
ill-structured 有问题的 Access space 访问空间 Three dimensional geometric models 三维几何模型 Value engineering 价值工程
Computer aided design (CAD) 计算机辅助设计 Automated drafting facilities自绘图设备 Horizontal /vertical axis横/纵坐标
Summary table汇总表 Hypothetical project假设项目 Prescription方法 Assignment任务 Time and activity graphs 时间-工作完成情况图
Network diagram网络计划图 liable有义务的 warrant授权 adverse不利的 overly过度的 heuristic凭经验与直觉的 rigid刚性的，僵硬的 probability/probabilistic概率/概率的 random variables随机变量 incorporation编入、融入 variance差异、分歧，方差 allowance津贴、余地
correlate/positive correlation相关/正相关 mean平均值 PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technology)计划评审技术
working drawings施工详图 the bills of quantities 工程量清单 short cut捷径、近路、快捷方式 Iteration迭代、循环、反复
Discrepancy差异 propagate传播 Fast track快速路径 periodic定期的 Incorporate整合 coordinated协调的 reinforcement加强 original最初的 parallel平行 assumption假设，前提 revision修订 drain排水管 ruptured破裂的 diagnose诊断 budgetary预算的 cement水泥 implicitly暗示地、含蓄地 concrete混凝土 inter-play相互作用 straight forward直接的 accumulate累计 inter-relationship相互关系 subset子集 density浓度、密度 fonder荒废 Re-construction返工，重修 Attendant伴随的 Preliminary预备的，初步的 Configuration配置 Conformance一致 Tunnel隧道 Verifiable可核实的，可验证的 Shoring支撑 Rehabilitation修复，恢复 Collision碰撞 Vigilance警惕性 Alert警觉的 Assume承担 Inspector检查人员 Agency机构 Violation违反 Safeguard安全保障 Compliance遵守，服从 Workmanship 手艺，技巧 Permanently永远地 Random sample 随机抽样 Quality circle质量环 Optimum 最佳的 Notion概念 Unappreciated未体会到的 Certification认证 Dividend股息 Faulty有缺点的 Scrap碎片，边角料
Acceptable quality level 可接受的质量水平 Liaison联络 Technical aspect 技术会面 Sub-constructor 分包商 Reasoning backward 逆向推理 Specification 说明书 Cost-oriented 成本导向 Indirect cost 间接成本 Categories 目录 Project financing项目融资
Overhead item 日常花费 Interchangeable 可相互替换的
Terminology 术语 Nomenclature 术语 Presentations 理解 Construction operations 施工作业 Structural integrity 结构整体性 Regulations 规范标准 Technical requirements 技术要求
Excavate trench 开挖沟槽 Place framework 支模
Place reinforcing绑钢筋 Pour concrete 浇筑混凝土 Predecessor relationships 紧前工作 Installation 安装
Dry wall墙面抹灰 Site 施工现场 Space 工作面 Scheduling technique进度计划编制 The critical path method 关键路径方法 Resource constrains 资源限制 Activity-on-branch network 双代号网络图
Dummy activities 虚工作 Time duration 工作持续时间 Activity-on-node 单代号 Activity float 工作时差 Scheduling flexibility 计划灵活性 Maneuvering room 回旋余地 Subsequent 紧后的 Preceding 紧前的 Scope 范围
Time-scaled network 时标网络图 Two-dimensional matrix 二维矩阵 Time-scaled activity-on-branch diagram双代号时标网络图 Graphs of resource use over-time 时间资源曲线图
Free float 自由时差 Total float 总时差 Budgeting 预算
Optimizing 优化 Update 更新 Book keeper 簿记员 Superstructure 主体结构 Component configuration 结构体系 Material specification 材料标准 Functional performance 砌筑要求
Re-evaluation 重设计 Unforeseen circumstance 不可预见事件
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