4、试析长期总供给曲线为什么会发生移动?(10分)
答:我们可以把长期总供给曲线的移动归入这些来源引起的移动。
(l)劳动引起的移动。设想一个经济由于移民增加了,劳动者的数量增多了,供给的物品与劳务量也增加了。结果,长期总供给曲线将向右移动。相反,如果许多劳动者离开这个经济体到国外去,长期总供给曲线将向左移动。
长期总供给曲线的位置还取决于自然失业率,因此,自然失业率的任何一种变动都会使长期总供给曲线移动。例如,如果政府大幅度提高最低工资,自然失业率就会上升,经济生产的物品与劳务量会减少。结果,长期总供给曲线将向左移动。相反,如果失业保障制度改革鼓励失业工人更努力地寻找新工作,自然失业率将下降,长期总供给曲线将向右移动。
(2)资本引起的移动。经济中资本存量的增加提高了生产率,从而增加了物品与劳务的供给量,使长期总供给曲线向右移动。相反,经济中资本存量的减少降低了生产率,减少了物品与劳务供给量,使长期总供给曲线向左移动。
要注意的是,无论我们是讨论物质资本还是人力资本,同样的逻辑都适用。机器数量或大学学位数量的增加都将提高经济生产物品与劳务的能力。因此,这两者都会使长期总供给曲线向右移动。
(3)自然资源引起的移动。经济的生产取决于自然资源,包括土地、矿藏和天气。新矿藏的发现使长期总供给曲线向右移动。使农业减产的气候变化使长期总供给曲线向左移动。在许多国家,重要的自然资源是从国外进口的。这些资源的可获得性的变动也会使总供给曲线移动。在历史上,世界石油市场所发生的事件是总供给曲线移动的一个重要来源。
(4)技术知识引起的移动。今天的经济较之上一代人,产量更高的最重要原因也许是我们技术知识的进步。例如,电脑的发明使我们可以用任何一个既定量的劳动、资本和自然资源生产出更多物品与劳务。结果,这就使长期总供给曲线向右移动。
还有许多其他事件,尽管字面上不是技术,但也像技术变动一样起作用。开放国际贸易与发明
新生产过程有类似的作用,因此,它也会使长期总供给曲线向右移动。相反,如果政府因为某些生产方法对工人的危害太大而通过阻止企业利用这些方法的新规定,就会使长期总供给曲线向左移动。
5、假定中央银行关注通货膨胀并决定放慢经济增长速度,简述货币传导机制的五个步骤?(第29章,10分)
答:假定中央银行关注通货膨胀并决定放慢经济增长速度,货币传导机制的五个步骤如下: a.To start the process, the fed takes steps to reduce commercial bank reserves. The Fed reduces bank reserves primarily by selling government securities in the open market. This open-market operation changes the balance sheet of the banking system by reducing total bank reserves.
b.Each dollar reduction in bank reserves produces a multiple contraction in checking deposits, thereby reducing the money supply. Since the money supply equals currency plus checking deposits, the reduction in checking deposits reduces the money supply.
c.The reduction in the money supply increases interest rates and tightens credit conditions. With an unchanged demand for money, a reduced supply of money will raise interest rates. In addition, the amount of credit (loans and borrowing) available to people will decline. Interest rates will rise for mortgage borrowers and for businesses that want to build factories, buy new
equipment, or add to inventories. Higher interest rates tend to reduce asset prices (such as those stocks, bonds, and houses) and therefore depress the values of people's assets.
d. With higher interest rates and lower wealth, interest sensitive spending--especially investment- - tends to fall. The combination of higher interest rates, tighter credit, and lower wealth tends to reduce investment and consumption spending. Businesses will scale down their investment plans, as will state and local governments.
For example, higher interest rates may lead airlines to stretch out their purchases of new aircraft. Similarly, consumers may decide to buy a smaller house, or to renovate their existing one, when rising mortgage interest rates increase monthly payments relative to monthly income. And in an economy increasingly open to international trader, higher interest rates may raise the foreign exchange rate the dollar, depressing net exports. Hence, tight money will raise interest rates and reduce spending on interest-sensitive components of aggregate demand.
e. Finally, the pressures of tight money, by reducing aggregate demand, will reduce income, output, jobs, and inflation. The aggregate supply-and-demand (or, equivalently, the multiplier) analysis showed how such a drop in vestment and other autonomous spending may depress output and employment sharply.
Furthermore, as output and employment fall below the levels that would otherwise occur, prices tend rise less rapidly or even to fall. Inflationary forces subside. If the Fed's diagnosis of inflationary conditions was correct, the drop in output and the rise in unemployment will help relieve inflationary forces.
Summarize the step as follows: R down→M down→i up→I,C,X down→AD down →Real GDP down and inflation down.
6、画图分析货币供给的增长是如何影响利率,投资和总需求的?(第34章,10分)
答:我们考虑这种货币注入如何影响一个既定物价水平时的均衡利率。这将告诉我们注入所影响的是总需求曲线的位置。
如图34-3(a)幅所示,货币供给的增加使货币供给曲线向右从MS1移动到MS2。由于货币需求曲线未变,为了使货币供给与货币需求平衡,利率从r1下降为r2。这就是说,为了使人们持有中央银行创造的额外货币,利率必然要下降。
如图34-3(b) 幅所示,利率又影响了物品与劳务的需求量。较低的利率减少了借款的成本和储蓄的收益。家庭购买更多、更大的房子,这刺激了住房投资需求。企业对新工厂和新设备的支出增多,这刺激了企业投资。结果,在既定的物价水平P时,物品与劳务的需求量从Y1增加到Y2。也就是说,货币注入增加了每一物价水平时的物品与劳务需求量。因此,整个总需求曲线向右移动。
总之,当中央银行增加了货币供给时,它降低了利率,增加了物价水平为既定时的物品与劳务需求量,使总需求曲线向右移动。相反,当中央银行紧缩货币供给时,它提高了利率,减少了物价水平为既定时的物品与劳务需求量,使总需求曲线向左移动。
利率 0
7、高于劳动力市场的最低工资法是如何影响高技能和低技能劳动力的就业与失业?(第28章,10分)
2….均衡利率因此下降…
(a) 货币市场
货币供给,MS2 MS1 (b) 总需求曲线
物价水平 r1 r2 1.中央银行增加货币供给时… P AD2 总需求 AD1 money 物价水平P 货币需求 货币量 0
Y1 Y2
产量
3….这增加了既定物价水平时的物品与劳务需求量。
图34-3. 货币注入
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