2014-2015-2 Final Review on British Culture I.
Gap-filling: (20%, 1 for each)
1. Britain consist of four nations，including England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland .
2. The full name of the United Kingdom is Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
3. Britain is a country with a history of invasions, in 43 AD Britain was invaded by Roman , in the late 8th century they experienced Vikings raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from Normans . 4. The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in 5th century.
5. The island of Great Britain is made up of England , Scotland and Wales . 6. London plays a significant role in British economic and cultural life. It’s not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of three major international financial centers in world . 7. Name two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respected universities: Edinburgh and Glasgow .
8. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh which is well-known for its natural beauty. 9. In 1979, （the Conservative party ） under Thacher came into power and carried outa program of privatization.
10. Since the discovery of oil and gas under the North Sea , Britain has gained a strong position in the off shore oil industry.
11. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to give advice .
12. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and privatization
13. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the House of Lords , the House of Commons and The Queen . 14. One of the oldest of the early “old English” literary works is called Beowulf . 15. The Canterbury Tales is generally regarded as Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece.
16. Name the four tragedies written by Shakespeare: Hamlet Othello ，King Lear and Macbeth
17. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is drama . 18. cricket is the national sport in England, while football is the most popular one.
19. Name the four comedies written by Shakespeare: A Mid Summer Night’s Dream , The Merchant of Venice ， Twelfth Night and As You Like It . 20. Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are noted for their novels Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights which are largely the love stories of a woman for a man. 21. The United Kingdom has been a member of Union since 1973.
22. The UK has a total area of approximately 245000 km2, almost a quarter-of-a-million square kilometers.
23. The distinctive British traffic rule is left-driving . 24. The most popular dish in England is fish and chips .
25. __The Championships, Wimbledon__ is one of the four most famous
Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others are the Australia Open,, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open
26. The Tudor period started from Henry VII after he defeated the House of York in the War of Roses in 1485, and ended with the death of the Queen Elizabeth I (伊丽莎白一世) on 24th March 1603 after 45 years on the throne.
II. Definition Explaining: 20% (5 for each)
1. The Canterbury Tales:( 《坎特伯雷故事集》:)
The Canterbury tales is the most important work in Middle English Literature. It?s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain each other on their way to the Christian church at Canterbury in south-east England. It?s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims,but also in style of the stories they tell.
《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要的工作。它由一系列的故事告诉31朝圣者互相娱乐去基督教教堂在英格兰东南部的坎特伯雷。很明显的多样性,不仅在社会地位在朝圣者的范围,而且在它们所讲述的故事的风格。
2. William Shakespeare:( 威廉·莎士比亚:)
He was an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three catagories: Tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as Merchant of Venice and historical plays like Charles II.
他是一个在伊丽莎白时代的英国剧作家、诗人。人们普遍认为他是英国文学中最伟大的剧作家。他的戏剧可分为三大类:如《哈姆雷特》的悲剧喜剧,如威尼斯商人和历史戏剧就像查理二世。
3. Red Brick University;( 红砖大学)
All of the six original redbrick institutions, or their predecessor institutes, gained university status before World War
I and were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges.
所有六个原始的红砖机构,或他们的前任机构、获得大学地位在第一次世界大战前,最初建立公民科学或工程大学。
伯明翰大学（University of Birmingham） 布里斯托大学（University of Bristol） 谢菲尔德大学（University of Sheffield） 利兹大学（University of Leeds） 利物浦大学（University of Liverpool） 曼彻斯特大学（University of Manchester）
4. Fry-up:( 煎鸡蛋)
An easily prepared and quickly cooked dish of fried food, esp. of cold food heated up in a frying-pan; also, the preparation of such a dish. It is an informal expression in British English.
容易准备,很快就煮菜油炸食品,特别是寒冷的食物加热煎锅,这样一道菜的准备。这是一个非正式的表达在英国英
5. Easter:( 复活节:)
→the first Sunday following the full moon that occurs on or next after March 21 (Spring Equinox).
语。
→This festival occurs in the spring, which commemorates resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead three days after
his crucifixion by Romans.
→It is the most important Christian festival for many church-goers.
→满月后的第一个星期日发生后或明年3月21日(春分)。
→这个节日发生在春天,它是为了纪念耶稣基督从死里复活三天后他被罗马人受难。 →这是许多虔诚的基督教最重要的基督教节日。
6. Good Friday:( 耶稣受难日)
Good Friday occurs two days before Easter Sunday in the United States. It is the day when Christians commemorate Jesus Christ's crucifixion, which plays an important part in the Christian faith. It is not a federal holiday in the United States, although it is a state holiday in some states.
星期五发生在复活节前两天在美国。它是基督教徒纪念耶稣基督的受难的日子,而在基督教信仰中扮演一个重要组成部分。它不是一个联邦节日在美国,虽然在一些州是一个国家的节日。
7. Boxing Day:( 节礼日)
the old custom and a typical British tradition celebrated on the day after Christmas. People used to give Christmas gifts or money, or ?Christmas box' , to their staff , employees or tradesmen ( such as the milkman) or servants on this day
古老的习俗和一个典型的英国传统庆祝圣诞节后的第二天。人们用来给圣诞礼物或钱,或者圣诞节礼物,员工,员工或商人(比如送奶工)或仆人在这一天。
8. Trooping the Colour:( 皇家军队阅兵)
?The Queen's birthday parade is the biggest royal event of the year.
?Queen troops of the Household Division ( Foot Guard and Household Cavalry) ?The processions begin at approximately 10.00 am, with the fly-past at 1.00 pm. ?There are rehearsals on the two previous Saturdays which are also open to the public. ?女王的生日皇家游行是最大的事件。 ?家庭部门的女王军队(脚警卫和骑兵) ?游行开始大约10.00点,皇家空军在1.00点。 ?有排练两次周六也对公众开放。
9. St. Patrick’s Day:( 圣帕特里克节) It is on March 17 each year, when northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St.
Patrick who was a Catholic bishop who lived in 5th C. and is thought to have brought Christianity to Ireland; drove snakes out of Ireland, and used shamrock/clover (三叶草，爱尔兰的国花) to explain the Christian Trinity— the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. So, the shamrock is a popular symbol to wear on St. Patrick?s Day, and it is also considered very lucky to wear something green.
每年3月17日,在北爱尔兰天主教徒庆祝生日的爱尔兰的守护神,圣帕特里克是天主教主教住在5 c和被认为是将基
督教带到爱尔兰;把蛇的爱尔兰,并使用三叶草/三叶草(三叶草，爱尔兰的国花)来解释基督教的三位一体,父亲,儿子,和圣灵。所以,三叶草是一种流行的穿在圣帕特里克节的象征,这也被认为是非常幸运,穿绿色的东西。
10. Guy Fawkes’ Night:( 盖伊·福克斯之夜)
It is a truly English holiday celebrated in November. It originates from the 1605 Gunpowder Plot- -a plan to blow up
the British Parliament, kill the Protestant King and replace him with a Catholic king. People celebrate it by having public bonfires and fireworks. A straw effigy called the “Guy” (one of the conspirators Guy Fawkes) is thrown on the bonfire. The
biggest Bonfire Night celebration is held in Lewes.
这是一个真正的英语11月庆祝的节日。它源于1605年的火药阴谋———计划炸毁英国议会,杀死新教与天主教国王。
国王和取代他人们通过公共篝火和烟花来庆祝新年。草雕像叫做“家伙”(一个阴谋家的盖伊·福克斯)扔在篝火。最大的庆祝篝火之夜是在刘易斯举行。
III. Question Answering: (30%, 6 for each)
1. What is the difference between UK, England, Britain, Great Britain (GB)
and British Isles?
Britain=England+Wales.(England and Wales together from Britain)
Great Britain=Britain+Scotland(England, Scotland and Wales together form Great Britain.)
UK=Great Britain+Northern Ireland(Great Britain and Northern Ireland together form the \Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland\
2. Say something about “Middle English”.
Middle English (11th.-15th.) Norman Conquest
French, official language; English, lower class pig--pork sheep--mutton cattle--beef Development:
English increased in importance after the Black Death (
猪——猪羊牛,羊肉牛肉 >发展:
>黑死病后增加英语的重要性
著名的作品:《坎特伯雷故事集》中,Geofery乔叟
)
3. What is “ Continental breakfast”?
It ?s a small meal and is not cooked. It contains a bread roll (or croissant) with cheese or ham and a cup of coffee or orange juice.( 它的一个小餐,不熟。它包含一个面包卷或羊角面包与奶酪和火腿和一杯咖啡或橙汁。)
4. How many Bank Holidays in England? And what are they?
9, in UK are New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Early May Bank Holiday ( the 1st Monday in May), Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May), Summer Bank Holiday (the last Monday in August), Christmas Day, and Boxing Day (December 26th).
在英国是元旦,耶稣受难日,复活节后的星期一,5月初银行假日(5月1日周一), 春季银行假日(五月的最后一个星期一),夏季银行假日(8月份的最后一个星期一),圣诞节,和节礼日(12月26日)
5. What is the Christmas Pantomime?
the Christmas Pantomime: a typical British Christmas tradition. It is a comical musical play usually based on
a popular traditional children?s story. There are two main characters in the play: “the principal boy”, played by a young woman, and “the Dame”, played by a man. It is a play with songs and jokes which can be enjoyed by both
adults and children.
圣诞哑剧:一个典型的英国人过圣诞节的常规活动。这是一个滑稽的音乐剧通常基于一个流行的传统的儿童故事。有两个主要人物:“校长的男孩”,由一个年轻的女人,“夫人”,由一个人扮演。这个歌曲和玩的笑话都可以享受成人和儿童。
6. Say something about the Easter celebration.( 说说复活节庆祝活动。)
Some retail stores, shopping malls, and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday(一些零售商店,购物中心,在复活节和餐馆都关门了。)
Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter.( 一些银行常开,定期在复活节星期天都关门了)
Easter eggs are specially decorated eggs given out to celebrate the Easter holiday(复活节彩蛋是专门装饰蛋给
7. What is St. George’s Day?
庆祝复活节)
St. George's Day is on April 23rd, so, in a sense, this is England's national day(圣乔治日是4月23日,所以,从某种意义上说,这是英国的国庆日。)
By tradition, April 23rd is the day for a red rose in the button hole, the national flower(按照传统,4月23日一天的
8. Say something about Scotland’s Hogmanay.( 说一些关于苏格兰的除夕)
红玫瑰按钮孔,国花)
?in which one widely practiced custom is “First Footing”(只能在广泛实行哪一个定义是“第一脚”)
First Footing: a custom practiced on Hogmanay in Scotland. There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Year can bring luck and prosperity.( 在苏格兰一个定制的练习在除夕。有迷信认为第一个跨越的门槛在新的一年里家庭可以带来好运和繁荣) First-footers often bring a bottle of spirits (烈酒), alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat（泥炭块） as a gift and are given a “dram of whisky” as their reward.
9. Say something about Black Death.( 说说黑死病)
The Black Death is also known as the plague. In the fourteenth century it spread rapidly across Europe and caused a massive reduction in population. People who caught the disease had swellings on their bodies, sometimes as big as eggs. Then the black spots would appear, which gave the disease its name
(说说黑死病。黑死病也称为瘟疫。在14世纪它迅速蔓延整个欧洲,造成人口数量大幅减少。人抓住了疾病对他们的身体肿胀,有时和鸡蛋一样大。然后会出现黑色的斑点,这给该病名称)
10. Say something about the English Afternoon Tea.( 说说英语下午茶)
Afternoon tea is a light meal typically eaten between 4 pm and 6 pm. Observance of the custom originated
amongst the wealthy classes in England in the 1840s.
下午茶是一个便餐通常下午4点和下午6点之间吃。仪式的习俗起源于1840年代在英国富人阶层的人中。
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