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因素等。话题制约着语义的连贯 性。搭配在满足了两个语言单位之间义素的相互作用的需要的同时，还要满足句法需要，保证行文的流畅性 和正确性。共指性的词汇照应关系是建立两个语言单位之间的共指关系，如，类比关系、上下义(包容)关系、 互代关系等。因此，共指关系一致的两个语言单位之间往往可以采用还原法、视点推移法来选择表达形式，原则是要保证所指的一致性。逆指性的词汇照应关系建立在语义对立两个语言单位之间，如反比关系、反义关系、对立关系。在词汇的逆指关系的制约下，从对立面选择表达形式，让读者通过逆向思维，捕捉原文的语义指向。
引申的切入点，即引申视角及方法：(Extension motivated by translation shifts) ? 话题定位： 话题笼统，评述或展开部分中就会有具体词或具体阐述；笼统和具体之 间构成了照应互补关系。如果能确定笼统和具体之间的关系，就不难把握笼统词的语境所指义。话题具体，展开部分的笼统词就可以根据话题的具体内容定位。 (1)Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between the people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half a years in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later life Twain acknowledged that the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature.(笼统)
(2)Early the next morning I met a polite and elegant man wearing fine clothes. After a one-hour flight, we spent the day visiting attractions along with hundreds of other tourists, most of them overloaded with cameras and souvenirs. I remember feeling disdain for this collection of ogling humanity.
(3) Along the way, conventional wisdom(抽象－具体) suffered yet another series of defeats. No wave of terrorism greeted the American campaign, though fanatics will surely strike again. Neither foreign troops nor suicide bombers paralyzed U.S. and British forces. Saddam Hussein could not mount a deadly and costly Stalingrad defense in Baghdad. The Arab \not rise. Many people insist that Arabs are being colonized again by western powers in search of oil. No surprise there. But there is dissonance in that message now. It is hard to explain that the dread crusaders have taken over again when everyone can see the Iraqi people exulting over fallen statues of Saddam. (conventional---following what has been customary)
(4) Today the ancient, ancestral wisdom of the hand has been largely replaced by the simple movements of the machine operator; our glass and china, furniture, book, and textiles are almost entirely products of the machine. That machine-made goods can be well designed and good-looking no one now denies; nevertheless, there are many who believe that if the old skills of the handworker were to die out altogether it would be a disaster.
(5) But our respond to these signals is puzzling. Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our atte ntion on ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a kind of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some
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convenient, less painful distraction?
(6) Move with Confidence
When you walk, do so purposefully as if you belong. Keep your chin up and your shoulders back. Try to maintain an even, deliberate stride. Don?t drag or shuffle your feet. Make sure you don?t point your feet outward when you walk. It?s hard to be confident when you look like a duck. People will often tell me, “I knew you were the instructor by the confident way you walked into the room. You acted like you were in charge. ”
? 组合控制:
通过搭配关系选择汉语的词语。以词义明确的词为中心词，通过中心词来判断与相应的搭配词语。
(7) For 13 months, she had faithfully replied, and more than replied.(How?
(8) Every day when the tide goes out, it leaves pools of water trapped among the
rocks,
(9)Some of the heat we make escapes back into space but some gets trapped in the atmosphere.
(10) The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of gases called the atmosphere. This traps
heat and air around the Earth making it possible for life to exist.
(11) Drift nets hang from the surface. They trap fish that try to swim through them. (12) Fin Trap: Lionfish use their long, spiny fins to steer small fish into the sides of
the coral reef where they hunt. When the fish are cornered, the lionfish pounces. (13) Because man is the only known reservoir of the smallpox virus, the disease
should be eliminated forever when the last infected person recovers.
(14) The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it. It didn't sound
a studious noise.
(15) But what hurt me most was that in the middle of the room sat a very
studious-looking boy reading a book. ? 参照框架控制
(如：比较框架、类比框架、对比框架、指代框架、信息回补框架等) (指代 /替代照应 )
(16) I knew a little more than I had that summer at Diamond Lake, but I could not
reach her now any more than I had then. I was ashamed, ashamed of my own timidity, the frightened tendency to look the other way. Yet I felt no real warmth towards her---I only felt that I ought to, because of that distant summer and because my father had hoped she would by company for me, or perhaps that I would be for her, but it had not happened that way.
(17)Smallpox, the most devastating and feared pestilence in human history, is making
its last stand in two remote areas of Ethieopio, one in the desert and one in the mountains.
(18)Their own teacher had been sick for a long time: a succession of startled
substitutes had stood before them, ducked, winced, and fled. (No和Yes 的指代照应)
(19) When Smith pointed out that he had spread the rumour, he vehemently retorted: “No! No!”
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(20) He had been anxiously looking round him for an aristocratic face, in order that he
might tell him what he thought, but could not recognize lord this or duke that. No! No! (类比照应)
(21) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their
youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
(22) He(the manager)had gathered from my mysterious manner that I was a detective.
I knew what he was thinking and it made me worse. (My Financial Career) (24) Fear of Dearth (类比和信息回补)
I hate jogging. Every dawn, as I thud around New York City's Central Park reservoir, I am reminded of how much I hate it. It's so tedious. Some claim jogging is thought conducive(help to produce , others insist the scenery relieves the monotony. For me, the pace is wrong for contemplation of either ideas or vistas. While jogging, all I can think about is jogging---or nothing. One advantage of jogging around a reservoir is that there's no dry-shortcut home.
From the listless looks of some fellow trotters, I gather I am not alone in my unenthusiasm: Bill-paying, it seems, would be about as diverting. Nonetheless, we continue to jog; more, we continue to choose to jog. From a practically infinite array of opportunities, we select one that we don't enjoy and can't wait to have done with.
(25) Few of us like to be told that we?re average, and Americans are no exception. Far
worse, however, is to be told that we, or the things we do, are typical of our nation. (逆比照应)
(25) In 1864 a treaty---The Convention of Geneva---was signed and the Red Cross
came into being. The design of its badge, a red cross on a white field, was obtained by reversing the colours of Switzerland.
(26)Though it was twice what she had expected, her expression did not change. \
The fat man seemed puzzled. \\
He shrugged. \
“No,” The statement was unequivocal. \(回指先行词，补显性信息之不足。)
(27) I struck up a conversation with kid, trying to establish some kind of rapport, I
touched on hippies, pop music, dating, morality and so on. She contributed very little.
(28) The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and
protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversion, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.
? 词汇照应(上下义互代、笼统具体互代、抽象形象互代、共指关系) (笼统与具体照应)
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(30) I wanted to say to her, Are you certain your publisher is telling you the truth? Publishers are human. They may sometimes exaggerate the virtues of the young and the pretty. Will The Chelsea Set be read in five years? Are you prepared for the years of effort, 'the long defeat of doing nothing well'? As the years pass writing will not become any easier, the daily effort will grow harder to endure, those 'powers of observation' will become enfeebled; you will be judged when you reach your forties, by performance and not by promise.
(31) It was Mrs.Packletide's pleasure and intention that she should shoot a tiger. Not
that the desire to kill had suddenly come to her, or that she felt she would leave India safer than she had found it, with one wild beast less. (共指项照应)
(32) Modern medicine owes a great deal to the discovery of certain tiny disease-carrying organisms. Louis Pasteur was the discoverer of bacteria. Much later, scientists discovered viruses. But it was left to scientists of our won time to develop powerful killers of these hateful micro-organism.
(33)The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe this desire has found fulfilment in the masterpieces of our music, art literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another. (笼统和具体照应；动因－行为－结果框架)
(34) I was toying inwardly with ideas of thunderbolts, earthquakes, mass executions.
But in old blood I could think of no practical substitute for these dramatic punishments.
(35)There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more
than transient everydayness. (逻辑照应)
(36) The low angle of the winter sun throws long, dramatic shadows.
(37) Safe in Schools: Some fish swim in big groups called schools. This helps
confuse predators, so they don?t know which fish to attack. They might even think the whole school is a much bigger animal. ? 蕴含关系框架(各种蕴含关系：)
(38) I hope she?ll always feel like a daughter of America, and not like a stepchild. ? 说话人的表情(如：褒贬)、
(中性词的积极和消极取向取决于上下文)
(39) I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us, at any time,
I think.
(40) We grumble a little now and then, to be sure, but there's no love lost between us. 文化制约
(41) He flung himself down at little Osborne's feet, and loved him. Even before they
were acquainted, he had admired Osborne in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday.
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