I． Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement
1. Lexicology morphologically studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of
_________construct.
A. sound B. form C. morpheme D. root
2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal
3. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.
A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 4. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.
A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 5. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.
A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 6. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes
7. The suffixes in words simplify, beautify are ________.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes
8. Word formation does not include ________________.
A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. chipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration
9. Which word in the following is created through the process of back-formation?.
A. donate B. brunch C. VOA D. Fridge
10. “Nation” in the word “noninternationalist” is not_______________. A. free root B. free morpheme C. word D. bound root
11. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________. A. arbitrary, conventional B. logical C. certain D. Objective
12. A morpheme is the ________ of language.
A.minimal form B. minimal free form C. minimal meaningful form D. smallest form
13. A word is the combination of form and ________.
A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting
14. Fuzziness of language is a common feature peculiar to ______.
A. English only B. Chinese only
C. all natural languages D. some natural languages
15. _______ is the semantic relation between a word for a part of something and a word for the whole.
A meronymy B. hyponymy C. metonymy D. homonymy
16. From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word .
A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional
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17. _______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
18. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______. A. spelling B. pronunciation C. origins D. usage 19. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______. A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. antonymy 20. Word-formation and word-building in lexicology are words of _______.
A. absolute synonyms B. relative synonyms C. relative antonyms D. contrary antonyms
21. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. A. homographs B. homophones C. absolute homonyms D. antonyms
22. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
23. The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.
A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon
24. The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow are _________.
A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 25. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and forehead. A. Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 26. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are ________.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes
27. Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.
A. arbitrary meaning B. conceptual meaning
C. associative meaning D. grammatical meaning
28. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its
first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. A. Derivation B. Radiation C. Inflection D. Concatenation 29. The antonyms: male and female are ______.
A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms
30. In Shakespearean line ?rats and mice and such small deer?, deer obviously designates ?_____? in
general.
A. a doe B.. animal C. a deerlike animal D. buck 30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________. A. alliteration B. rhyme C. reiteration D. repetition
31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. a smallest form B. a minimal free form C. a constituent form D. a part 32. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”. A. apolitical B. ilpolitical C. inpolitical D. impolitical
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33. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,
radiation __________________ concatenation. A. is behind B. precedes C. is with D. makes up for 34. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________. A. logical B. arbitrary, conventional C. certain D. objective 35. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ . A. change meanings of the stems B. change the word-class of the stem C. change grammatical function D. all the above
36. In the idiom “earn one?s bread”, ___________ is used. A. synecdoche B. personification C. metonymy D. simile 37. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.
A. sound B. meaning C. spelling D. sense II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions
1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, historicaldevelopment, formation and usages. 2. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary(words). 3. Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as Old English. 4. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.
5. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 6. According to suffixation theory, “villager” is called denominal noun and “employer” is called deverbal noun.
7. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning. 8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly technical terms. 9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of broadening meaning.
10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and grammatical context.
11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, imperativeand exclamative sentences.
12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their etymololy/origins, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. 13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the superordinate terms and the more specific words are called hyponyms. 14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings. 15. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends.
III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns. 2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.
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3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation makes up for concatenation.
4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English 5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.
6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears. 7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress. 8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.
9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts. 10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.
11. The basic word stock of a language is changing rapidly all the time. 12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. 13. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.
14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words. 15. Homophones are words identical in spelling but different in meaning. 16. Root, stem and base refer to the same thing. 17. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.
18. “Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.
19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.
20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion. 21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.
22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.
24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.
25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words. 26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. 27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.
28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. 29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000. 30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.
31.When the word “persuader” means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word. 32.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. 33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.
34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.
35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.
IV．Define the following terms .
1. word 2. bound morphemes 3. prefixation 4. hyponymy 5. polysemy 6. antonymy 7. hyponymy 8. free morpheme 9. affixation 10. root
11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic field V．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 1. What are the stylistic features of idioms？ 2.. What are the main types of blendings ?
3. How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Illustrate your points with examples..
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4． What are the main types of compounds ? 5. What are the three main sources of synonym?
6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to their grammatical meanings.
earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a, never.
7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:
vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.
8. please analyse the morphological structure of the word “inaccessibility” by drawing its tree diagram of IC analysis.(refer to Exercise 3 on P.25 in the textbook.)
VI. Translate the following English proverbs into Chinese.
1) An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 2) Everybody?s business is nobody?s business. 三个和尚没水吃 3) He who laughs last, laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。 4) It is good to learn at another man?s cost.前车可鉴,后事之师。 5) Look before you leap.三思而后行。 6) Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
7) Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 8) Teaching others teaches yourself.教学相长。 9) The early bird catches the worm.笨鸟先飞。 10) Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。
11) A burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 12) A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。
13) Every dog has his day, and every man his hour. 人人都有得意的
14) Every cloud has a silver lining. 山穷水尽疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。
15) By reading we enrich the mind; by conversation we polish it. 读书可以使我门的思想充实，谈话使
其更臻完美。
16) Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed. 人无所求最享福，因他不为
失望苦。
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