海关税则(customs tariff)又称关税税则
是一国对进出口商品计征关税的规章和对进出口应税与免税商品加以系统分类的一览表。
海关税则一般包括两个部分:
? 一部分是海关课征关税的规章条例及说明 ? 另一部分是关税税率表。其中,关税税率表主要包括税则号列(tariff No.或heading
No.或tariff item,简称税号)、商品分类目录(description of goods)及税率(rate of duty)三部分。
? 倾 销是指一国(地区)生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本的价格将其商品挤进另一国(地区)市场的行为。
Anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.
反倾销是一国政府采取必要措施,消除或者减轻因倾销导致的损害或者损害的威胁或者阻碍。 C7
贸易术语又称价格术语,是国际贸易中定型化的买卖条件。它是在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的,用简明的语言或缩写字母来概括说明交货地点、买卖双方在责任、费用和风险上的划分以及构成商品价格基础的特殊用语。
the delivery point(交货点)/ point of risk transfer(风险转移点): Incoterms 2000,the latest version, contains 13 terms in 4 groups. Exw (Group E) FOB, FAS, FCA, (Group F) CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP (Group C) DAF, DAS, DEQ, DDU, DDP (Group D)
Actual Group E EXW Delivery Departure Ex-works 工厂交Various 货(价) Transportation Mode Symbolic Group F FCA (…named place of Free Carrier 货交承Various Delivery shipment) 运人 Transportation Mode Main FOB (…named port of Free on Board 装运oceanic Carriage shipment) 港船上交货 transportation Unpaid FAS (…named vessel at Free Alongside Ship oceanic port of shipment) Group C Main Carriage Paid 装运港船边交货 transportation CFR (…named port of Cost and Freight 成oceanic destination) 本加运费 transportation CIF (…named port of Cost, Insurance and oceanic destination) Freight成本、运费加transportation 保险费 CPT (…named place of Carriage Paid to 运Various taking charge/ 费付至 Transportation Mode destination) CIP (…named place of Carriage and Various taking charge/ Insurance Paid to 运Transportation Mode destination) 保费付至 Actual Group D DAF (…named place) Delivered at Frontier land transportation Delivery 边境交货 Arrival DES(…named port of Delivered Ex-Ship oceanic destination) 目的港船上交货 transportation DEQ(…named port of Delivered Ex-Quay oceanic destination) 目的港码头交货 transportation DDU (…named place Delivered Duty Various of destination) Unpaid 目的港/地交Transportation Mode 货,关税未付 DDP(…named place of Delivered Duty PaidVarious destination) 目的港/地交货,关税Transportation Mode 已付
? Actual delivery (实际交货):(groups E&D)seller makes delivery of goods to buyer
or his carrier together with title to goods, risks and all charges, and the qty delivered is the same as that received. cash with delivery.装运shipment ≠交货delivery. Buyer takes delivery of goods in the seller?s country or seller ships goods to buyer?s country to deliver.
? Symbolic delivery (象征性交货):(groups C&F) seller makes delivery of goods to
buyer or his carrier in his country together with risks transfered, and the qty delivered may not be the same as that received, and this does not affect settlement of proceeds. shipment=delivery,delivery with doc.(B/L), representing title to goods. it?s a kind of documentary transaction.
FOB+指定装运港 卖方责任
在合同规定的时间和装运港口,将合同规定的货物交到买方指派的船上,并及时通知买方;
承担货物在装运港越过船舷之前的一切风险和费用;
自负风险和费用,取得出口许可证或其它官方批准证件,并且办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续;
提交商业发票和自费提供证明卖方已按规定交货的清洁单据,或具有同等作用的电子信息。
买方责任
订立从指定装运港口运输货物的合同,支付运费,并将船名、装货地点和要求交货的时间及时通知卖方;
根据买卖合同的规定受领货物并支付货款; 承担受领货物之后所发生的一切风险和费用;
自负风险和费用,取得进口许可证或其它官方证件,并办理货物进口所需的海关手续。
注意:投保并支付保险费并非买方的义务,但是为了回避货物在运输途中的风险,买方一般都要为了自己的利益投保。 理论上:“装运港船舷为界”
实际业务处理:将货物安全装上船为止,取得“已装船清洁提单” 货等船”:买方没有按时派船,买方承担由此产生的风险和费用
“船等货”:卖方没有按时备妥货物,卖方承担由此产生的风险和费用 CFR Liner Terms 班轮条件 CFR Landed 卸至岸上 CFR Ex Tackle 吊钩下交货 CFR Ex Ship’s Hold 舱底交接
CIF Liner Terms 班轮条件 CIF Landed 卸至岸上 CIF Ex Tackle 吊钩下交货 CIF Ex Ship’s Hold 舱底交接 象征性交货: 货款 单据 实际交货: 货款 货物
Varied FOB Terms
? FOB Liner Terms (FOB班轮条件) ? FOB Under Tackle (FOB吊钩下交货)
? FOB Stowed (FOB包括理舱) 理舱费stowing
charges:货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。
? FOB Trimmed (FOB包括平舱) 平舱费
trimming charges:是指对装入船舱的散装货物进行平整所需要的费用。
FOB、CIF与CFR的相同点:
都属于象征性交货 都属于装运合同
风险的划分都是以装运港船舷为界 FOB、CIF与CFR的区别:
买卖双方承担的责任不同 买卖双方承担的费用不同 价格构成不同
Modes of transport: FCA, CPT, CIP --- suitable for all. FOB, CFR, CIF ---marine transport only ;
Point of delivery : FCA, CPT, CIP--- any agreed point; FOB,CFR,CIF---- sea port. All in the seller’s country;
Transport Doc. : FCA, CPT, CIP ---cargo receipt, airway bill or CTB/L;FOB,CFR,CIF ---ocean B/L.
Point of transference of risks: FCA, CPT, CIP--- any agreed point in the seller’s county; FOB,CFR,CIF--ship’s rail.
FCA、CPT与CIP的相同点
都属于象征性交货; 都属于装运合同;
风险的划分都是以货交承运人为界; 适用于任何运输方式。 FCA、CPT与CIP的区别
买卖双方承担的责任不同; 买卖双方承担的费用不同; 价格构成不同。
1 ) 佣金额=含佣价×佣金率
净价=含佣价- 佣金额= 含佣价×(1-佣金率) 含佣价=净价/(1-佣金率) 2 )折扣=发票金额×折扣率
卖方实际净收入=原价- 折扣额 CFR = FOB price + freight
CIF =FOB price +freight +insurance premium =CFR price/ [ 1 –保险费率(1+投保加成率) ]
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