? Lecture 5
? Translation Sentences I ? Basic Concepts ? 句子处理：
汉英翻译重要环节
刚接触汉英翻译的人，最担心的往往是哪个字不会说，于是查汉英词典成为翻译的不二法
门。而在难词查询完毕之后，便依据原文语序进行翻译。 实际情况是，即使一个生字也没有，如果句子组织不好，也无法达到翻译的目的。
上把握翻译的方向，对宏观图景有一定的预见。
? 有经验的汉英译者往往对句子处理的基本原则和方法一般都能做到心中有数，即从宏观? 汉英句子的基本原理 ? 1. 结构差异 ? 2. 语篇意识
? 3. 信息焦点：找准主语 ? 4. 句子平衡：分清主次 ? 1. 结构差异
连接方式：
? 汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis); ? 英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)
? 1. 结构差异
组句方式：
? 汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状；
? 英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的
树状结构。
? 结构差异带来的启示
? 1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。
? e.g. ……在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，垒起来可达桌子高。…… ? 思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。 ? 问题：垒起来怎么处理？ ? 结构差异带来的启示
? e.g. ……在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，（如果把纸）垒起来可达桌子高。……
? In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them
down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the height of the table.
? 2. 掌握内在联系正确断句
? 我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。
? Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped ? 2. 语篇意识
? 语篇意识是指把整个语篇视为一个整体，注重其内在连贯性(coherence)，也就是注重文
章思路和逻辑，注意上下文联系。连贯性是通过Cohesion来实现的，就是把上下文联系起来的那些词汇和语法手段，如连词、代词、指示词以及起连接作用的短语和句式等。 face with a full beard/whiskers.
? 如果缺乏整体观，翻译中只会盯住一个个孤立的句子，译出来的句子语法正确，但上下
文无法串联或明显累赘，头绪混乱，看不出来龙去脉。
? 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意，上下文联系。
? 原文：很多把考研当做缓解就业压力的一个方法的人可能会在研究生毕业的时候发现自
己面临同样的窘境。
? 难点分析：很多…的人
? 主干：人会发现自己面临窘境。
? 很多把读研当做缓解就业压力的一个方法的人可能会在研究生毕业的时候发现自己面临
同样的困境。
? Those may find themselves facing similar dilemma when graduating from postgraduate ? Those who reckon further study as a way to escape from employment pressure may find ? 3. 信息焦点:找准主语 ? 英语主谓宾的基本结构
? 英语主语的构成：名词；动名词；不定式；形式主语
themselves facing similar dilemma when graduating from postgraduate school. school.
? 主语选定
? 例一：看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。
? 1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon.
? 2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by
panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic.
? 3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.
? 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。
原文思路：
? 1. 改写为欧化中文：大家如此惊慌以致于…… (so…that & such… that) ? 2. 理清逻辑：整体与部分（大家---有人）
? 译文一
? 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。
? The sight of the miserable scene threw people into such a panic that some of them even had
the idea of making a retreat.
? The sight of the miserable scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even ? 译文二
? 看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。
? The sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, some of whom even harbored the
intention of making a retreat.
conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat.
? 4. 句子平衡：分清主次
? 中文句子并列多，应分辨主次，哪些是修饰成分 ? 先确定主语、谓语，再确定定语 ? 一、独立主格结构
Nominative Absolute ? 1. n. + present participle phrase
? 到处都可以看见人们穿着节日服装，满脸笑容。
? Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dresses, their faces shining with smiles. ? 天气要是合适的话，我们明天要到西山去玩。
? Weather permitting, we’ll go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.
?
? 他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着。
? He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head. ? 他做完作业后回家去了。 ? His work done, he went home. 2. n. + past participle phrase
? After his work had been done, he went home. ? 3. n. + adjective phrase
? 他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。
? He came into my room, his nose red with cold.
? 4. n. + adverbial phrase ? 她伸出双手，掌心向上。
? She put out her hands, palms up. ? 他袜子穿反了。
? He put on his socks, wrong side out. ? 5. n. + n.
? 数以千计的船民被淹死，其中许多是小孩。
? Thousands of boat people were drowned, many of them children. ? 他的第一个剧本成功后，又写了另一个剧本。 ? His first play a success, he wrote another. ? 6. n. + infinitive
? 来客也不少，有送行的，有拿东西的，有送行兼拿东西的。
? We also had quite a host of visitors, some to see us off, some to fetch things, and some to do
both.
? 她为这家杂志写了两篇稿子，一篇即将本期发表，另一篇将在下期刊载。
? She has contributed two articles to the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to
come out in the next.
? 7. n. + prepositional phrase
? 他们欢快地一手拿着鞭子，一手扯着缰绳，催马向前。
? In jolly spirits, they urged the horses on, whip in one hand and reins in the other. ? 他端着枪，走进那间黑屋子。
? He entered the dark room, gun in hand. ? 二、过去分词短语
Past Participle Phrase ? 错误与挫折教训了我们，使我们变得聪明起来，我们的事情就办得好一些。
? Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our problems better. ? 我一直坐到十一点多钟，全神贯注地看着一本小说。
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