quizzed college students on the actuality of statements that they were told may be true or false. The researchers found that simply repeating the statements at a later date was enough to increase the (38)_________ of the students believing them.
Last year, Lisa Fazio at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and her team found that students become more likely to believe a statement that they know must be false if it is repeated.
\if people are conscious that a headline is false, reading it multiple times will make it seem more trustworthy,\
Reassuringly, the team found that a person's knowledge has a large influence over their beliefs, but it's still a worrying (40) _________ given that falsehoods appear repeatedly in our newsfeeds every day.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there ore four words or phrases morked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Two key climate change indicators - global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent ------ have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA analyses of ground-based observations and satellite data. Each of the first six months of 2016 set a record as the warmest (41)______ month globally in the modem temperature record, which (42)_____ 1880, according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. The six-month period from January to June was also the planet's warmest half-year on record, with a(n) (43)____ temperature l.3 degrees Celsius (2.4 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the late nineteenth century.
Five of the first six months of 2016 also (44) _____ the smallest respective monthly Arctic Sea, ice (45)_______ since regular satellite records began in 1979, according to analyses developed by scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland. The one (46) _______ , March, recorded the second smallest for that month.
(47)_______ these two key climate indicators have broken records in 2016, NASA scientists said it is more significant that global temperature and Arctic sea ice are continuing their decades-long trends of change. Both trends are ultimately driven by rising (48) ______ of heat-trapping carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The extent of Arctic sea ice at the peak of the summer melt season now typically (49)______ 40 percent less area than it did in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Arctic sea ice extent in September, the seasonal low point in the annual cycle, has been (50) ______ at a rate of 13.4 percent per decade.
\ temperatures from October, it is the basic trend which is producing these record numbers,\ Director Gavin Schmidt said.
(52)_____ El Nino events have driven temperatures to what were then record levels, such as in 1998. But in 2016, even as the effects of the recent El Nino wear off, global temperatures have
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risen well beyond those of 13 years ago (53)_______ the overall warming that has taken place in that time.
The global trend in rising temperatures falls behind盘e regional (54)_____ in the Arctic, said Walt Meier, a sea ice scientist at NASA Goddard.
\the Arctic over the past six months have been even more extreme:' Meier said. \well as unusual weather (55) _______ have led to the record low sea ice extent so far this year.\41. A. resistant B. respective C. resolved D. remote
42. A. makes sense of B. keeps up with C. dates back to D. goes ahead of 43. A. average B. ordinary C. common D. temporary 44. A. confirmed B. witnessed C. involved D. conducted 45. A. standard B. content C. amount D. extent 46. A. datum B. example C. month D. exception 47. A. While B. When C. After D. As
48. A. combinations B. reductions C. concentrations D. applications 49. A. includes B. covers C. approaches D. indicates 50. A. increasing B. changing C. declining D. moving
51. A. ended up with B. gave rise to C. broke away from D. resulted from 52. A. Frequent B. Natural C. Disastrous D. Previous 53. A. in return for B. in case of C. in spite of D. because of 54. A. warming B. falling C. gathering D. changing 55. A. forecasts B. varieties C. patterns D. illustrations
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Late one autumn day at the aquatic center(水上运动中心)in Ancenis, France, something went quietly, horribly wrong. An 18-year-old named
Jean-Francois LeRoy was a regular, coming often in也e early evenings to
swim in the 25-meter pool. Drownings are often difficult to spot. Most are
near-silent incidents where the victim quickly sinks out of view. On this particular day maybe the lifeguards weren't paying as close attention as they should have been. Certainly they believed the tall athletic LeRoy was not a high-risk swimmer.
But on this evening LeRoy was practicing apnea(屏气)swimming----testing how far he could swim underwater on one breath-and at some point, without making any visible or audible
disturbance on the water's surface, he lost consciousness. The guards failed to notice as he stopped swimming and sank to the bottom of the deep end of the pool. With his arms crossed over his head and his feet twitching(抽搐), he was unconscious and drowning. It would take him as little as four minutes to die.
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Although the human lifeguards watching the pool were unaware, 12 large machine eyes deep underwater were watching the whole thing and taking notice. Just nine months earlier the center had installed a state-of-art electronic surveillance system called Poseidon, a network of cameras that feeds a computer programmed to use a set of complex mathematical procedure to distinguish between normal and distressed swimming. Poseidon covers a pool's entire swimming area and can distinguish among dim reflections, shadows, and actual swimmers. It can also tell when real swimmers are moving in a way they're not supposed to. When the computer detects a possible problem, it instantly activates a beeper to warn lifeguards and displays the exact incident location on a monitor. The rest is up to the humans above the water.
Sixteen seconds after Poseidon noticed the large, sinking lump that was Jean-Francois LeRoy, lifeguards had LeRoy out of the pool and gave him first aid. He started breathing again. After one night in the local hospital, he was released with no permanent damage. Poseidon had saved his life.
56. People sometimes fail to detect accidents in the swimming pool because________. A. Iifeguards neglect their duties
B. drowning men don't struggle in water
C. there is no electronic surveillance system installed D. drownings often occur quietly and quickly 57. Which of the following statements in NOT true? A. Lifeguards will give way to Poseidon system. B. Poseidon system can locate drowning incidents. C. Poseidon system can pick out unusual swimmers. D. Lifeguards will count on Poseidon system. 58. The purpose of this passage is to __________ .
A. publicize a machine which can watch out for swimmers in distress B. tell people what may happen in a swimming pool C. warn swimmers not to swim underwater alone
D. advertise an aquatic center equipped with state-of-the-art devices
B
The first animals on earth were never able to achieve much in the world because they lived in the sea, which provided limited oxygen, and they had no backbone. For ages there were many kinds of these animals living in the sea and on land. They differed widely from each other and included such creatures as insects and worms. They had no brain, and therefore none of these animals without a backbone has ever been of much importance. They are wonderfully made but differ so widely that it is really impossible to arrange them in a simple order. However, those who study the different kinds of backboned animals find they can all be arranged in a simple way. More importantly, it is possible to show which class evolved first, which last, and so on. The five great classes of backboned animals are: fishes, amphibian, reptiles, birds and
mammals. A common amphibian is the frog which is able to live in water and on land. A mammal feeds its young by giving milk There are very great differences between a fish, a frog, a horse, a bird and a man; yet they all have a backbone.
A great step was taken when some creatures swam ashore. Perhaps it all began when the frog
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developed. Even today, a baby frog, the tadpole, begins as a fish, having gills(鳃), but then becomes a frog with lungs. The frog even develops feet and hands similar to ours in bone structure. Ages ago the first frog laid down the plan of the kind of limbs(肢)which all backboned animals, including humans, have had, though some of them, like the bird, do not keep this kind of five-fingered limb all their lives.
When the frog has grown from a tadpole to a backboned animal with four limbs, breathing air by means of lungs, it is very like certain of the next class of backboned animals -- the reptiles. The larger reptiles living on earth for many years ago were dinosaurs. Some of the smaller ones grew stretches of skin
between their outspread fingers to form wings. We do know, from fossilized(化石的) remains, that the first birds were flying reptiles with sharp teeth. What a strange world it must have been during these times!
59. The author believes that animals without backbones ____________ . A. had no brain so they did not survive B. were difficult to classify
C. have been important creatures D. are easily placed in order of arrival 60. From the article we can know
A. animals had a backbone but no brain B. insects came from worms C. animals came from insects D. the time order of species 61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. The first bird developed from a flying fish. B. The horse belongs to the amphibian family.
C. The hand of a frog has four fingers and a thumb. D. All the animals have got backbones inside their body.
62. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. How Backboned Animals Evolved B. How to Classify All Living Things C. The Life Cycle of a Frog D. How the First Bird Flew
C
Until 1964 most forms of gambling were illegal in the United States. Since then, however, more and more states have legalized gambling in order to raise income. The U. S. gambling industry has gone from an. attitude of \-have now legalized gambling as a solution to their depressed economies.
Most states in the United States now depend on incomes from state lotteries(博彩)and use them for good causes, such as improving public education, maintaining state parks, and developing environmental programs.
State governments maintain that the voluntary contribution of funds through state lotteries is preferable to increase state sales or income taxes, and the residents of states using the lottery system tend to support this. The gaming industry has also benefited some of the nation's poorest citizens Native Americans. The U. S. government ruled in l988 that states could not tax the revenues earned by gambling on Native American reservations. Having taken advantage of this
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