GRE写作笔记

写作笔记

*高分文章必备条件*

1.Orgnization（组织）

全文结构完整（开头+正文+结尾） 开头结尾有机结合、呼应 段落充分展开并且安排有序 2.Coherence（连贯性） 逻辑清楚 衔接流畅 过渡自然 语义通顺

起承转合，分论点清楚，中心论点明确 3.Unity（统一性）

分论点能证明主论点，论据和例子能支持分论点 主论点+分论点+论据+例子+细节（充分展开） 4.Grammar（语法）

语言准确，基本语法点不能出错（时态、语态、单复数、句子成分、拼写） 5.Variation（多变） 替换模板

取代掉第一反应词

6.Idiomatic usage（习惯用法） 习惯用法?书面形式 7.Diction（措辞） 严谨，严密

***Argument***

重点在于对于文章中出现的*逻辑错误*的描述，指出它为什么不能支持作者的结论。

注：

（1）无自己观点！！！

（2）分类别，分错误进行攻击 写Argument三大要点： （1）找错误 （2）文采水平 （3）速度

如何分析Argument

（1） 找出文章逻辑分层（Conclusion、Evidence）

（2） 针对每一个Evidence，分条攻击（核心方法：找出其他导致结论的可能性） （3） 开头、结尾

Conclusion+Evidence+Fallacies

*开头*

Based on unfounded evidenceand dubious assumptions,the author draw out a conclusion that(___).To substantiate his claim,he points out evidence that (1__2__).Besides,he indicated that (3__).At first glanc,this argument seems to be somewhat convincing.However,on the other hand,when deeply investigating the evidence,we find the author omiting some vital factors and thus we can not build the conclusion on such unwarrented evidence as far as I can see.This argument suffers from ( N ) logical fallacies.

*中间*

分论点进行攻击论述

*结尾*（注意呼应开头）

（总结全文。如果可以，把作者缺失的信息写出来。）

To sum up,the conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility since the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the argument maintains.To make this plausible argument more sound and persuasive,we need concrete information such as ___ ___ ___.If the author successfully clarify this argument,the conclusion would have been more thorough and adequate.

*几大逻辑错误*

1.Survey型

（report、research、poll）

一个survey?设计?人?结论（数据）

（1） 抽样人群能否代表被访群体（代表性）?质量因素

（2） 数据的参照物（基数）没有给出（数字、百分数、模糊数据）?数量因素 模板：

The evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it.Because wo do not know if (A’) can represent (A) as a whole.Unless it can be shown that (A’) is the representative of (A) .The evidence is completely unwarranted.Besides,samples for the survey should be statistically reliable.Common sense tell us that from the point of statistic and mathmatics,whether a number is big/small enough depends on the base which we compare with and therefore,if we lack the number of ___ surveyed and the number of respondents.It is fallacious to drawn any conclusion from it.

2.类比型（外推型）

（在A合适≠在B也合适） 比较点：相似点、不同点

类比点：行业、地点、时间、措施 范围变化：整体??个体 模板：

The author commits the fallacy of “All things are equal”.Although there are points of comparison,much dissimilarity is remaind.The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that ___ in both A & B are similar.However,it is entirely possible that divergent situation exist in the ___ .for example___ .In short,without accounting for such possibility,the author can not prove that A is equal to B.

3.因果

（A发生?B发生）

时间：A、B同时，A先于B 错误：（1）无因果

（2）A、B一前一后，之间不一定有因果（不排除其他情况） （3）A、B同时发生，之间不一定有因果

**可能是导致结果的一个原因，但不排除其他原因** 模板：

The arguer commits a fallacy of over simplification in assuming that A is the only reason behind B .While A is perhaps a vital part in detering B,it is hardly the only one .To establish a general causal relationship between A & B.other possible faction should be considered and eliminated.For example(……).Since the only evidence offered to support the claim is that (A happened before B)/(A happened together along with B).It is not sufficient to prove a causal relation.

4.急于概括

一个原因?结果的Only原因 一个方法?解决的Only方法 （充要条件）

攻击点：一个条件太过于简单（有必要性，但缺乏充分性），应综合考虑问题。

5.非此即彼（把问题简单化了） 不是A就是B 要么A要么B

攻击点：也可以A+B，或者C 模板：

The author’s recommendation rests on the unlikely assumption that ___ has only (two) alternatives.A&B .However,in all likehood,we can find many possible factors instead.Thus,the argument is unwarranted because it ruled out other factors and also consraintthe topic to a narrow field.

6.Promise（履行承诺） *说了≠做了* 模板：

The author made a commitment that ___.However,we know the fact that to make a

promise is one thing,to keep it is far more difficult.There is no indication that ___ will fulfill his promise in the future.There fore the promise is not reliable in the argument.

7.Profit（利润问题）

利润（Profit）=收入（Income）-成本（cost） *显性cost

*隐性cost（流失） （说明cost＞收入） 模板：

Profit is a factor.Not only revenue we earned but also costs spent.It is entirely possible that the cost of ___ will offset additional profits.Besides,other possible factors may also prevent ___ from being profitable as ___ in the future as the arguer predicts such as(……).

8.偷换概念

***Isssue***

写作原则

内容=主态度+分论点+论据+细节例子 素材?举例、引用

语言点 词汇：

A．常用词替换

（1） 表明show?convey reveal confirm reflect illustrate demonstrate

imply

（2） 我认为 I think?assume suppose insist maintain that… acknowledge

suggest I am convinced that… in my view/from my eyes/point of view

（3） 很重要 important?crucial vital essential fundamental significant

critical plays a key role … ...should be taken seriously

（4） 热门的、流行的?heated urgent burning pressing pervasive rampent （5） 越来越多 more and more?increasingly a growing number of… to a

progressively increasing extent

（6） 解决?solve resolve deal with cope with handle tackle ravel on

get rid of eradicate eliminate

（7） 十分?very much immensely hugely largely greatly enormously

tremendously

（8） 迅速有效的?effective instant valid sound potent resultful

effectual

（9） 难搞定的?intractable involved troublesome stubborn tough

problematic a nasty puzzle bewilder perplex baffle

（10）赞成、拥护?advocate endorse set forth assert assent be for it

uphold approve of acclamation bear up vindication