英国文学
上古时期：Old English 450-1066 典型诗歌： 中世纪时期：Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century
杰弗里·乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer the father of English poetry
《坎特伯雷故事集》first time to use 'heroic couplet'
文艺复兴时期 ：The Renaissance - rebirth or revival
Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life
埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser
the poets' poet诗人中的诗人 :《仙后》
克里斯托夫·马洛 Christopher Marlowe
University Wits大学才子派, the pioneer of English drama Blank verse无韵体, hyperbole夸张
《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness 《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》pastoral life田园诗
威廉·莎士比亚 William Shakespeare above all writers in the past and in the present time Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth 《十四行诗18》eternal or immortal beauty
《威尼斯商人》to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality
《哈姆雷特》 hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger
To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters
弗兰西斯·培根 Francis Bacon
brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method归纳法 in place of deductive method演绎法
《论学习》 uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary互补 to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
约翰·邓恩 John Donne
metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism三段论 《日出》 the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere
《死神莫骄妄》 whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton
《失乐园》 the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will. 《复乐园》
《力士参孙》 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
新古典主义时期Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles
约翰·班扬 John Bunyan
from 《名利场》节选自《天路历程》, a religious allegory, pursue the truth.
亚历山大·蒲伯 Alexander Pope
《论批评》 a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.
丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people
《鲁宾逊漂流记》, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒坚韧
乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift
a master satirist In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. Proper words in proper places
《一个温和的建议》
《格列佛游记》, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm
亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding
Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose 《汤姆·琼斯》
塞缪尔·约翰逊 Samuel Johnson
first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener 《英文大辞典》
《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》
理查德·比·谢拉丹 Richard Brinsley Sheridan the only important English dramatist of the 18th century
《情敌》 and 《造谣学校》are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray The Graveyard School \墓地诗歌派\
《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》
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