题型七 概要写作
Writing 1 [2019浙江6月]
高考真题
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
①Parents everywhere praise their kids. ②Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising
Happy and Confident Kids, says, \
when parents tended to be more strict.\, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, ④when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. ⑤Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them. 第一段为整个语篇的\起\⑤表达了作者的真实意图,即本段的主旨\afraid to try new things or take a risk.\。
①Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. ②Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. ③Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments. 第二段为第一段的\转\指出另一个极端的危害\。 ①So what is the right amount of praise? ②Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. ③If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. ④\especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,\says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What
Really Matters. ⑤\thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that
matters.\
第三段为前两段的\承\也是整个语篇的\合\提出了作者的观点\the process not the end product that matters.\即\。
①Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. ②But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. ③Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. ④But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
第四段为第三段的\承\用例子支撑作者的观点。本段主题句是④。 写作指导 Para. 1
①作本段的\起\描述现象;②作 \承\引入专家的观点;③作\承\分析出现该现象的原因;④作\转\引出作者的观点;⑤作第一段的\合\指出\的后果。 Para. 2
①作上一段的\承\和本段后文内容的\起\指出不要走向另一个极端;②作\承\指出\enough praise\的危害;③作
\承\分析其原因,且本句本身也呈现出因果关系。 Para. 3
①作前两段的\承\也作本段的\起\起过渡作用;②是对上一句的回答,引出专家的观点;③是对上一句的进一步解释;④引用了专家的说法;⑤作本段的\合\与②相呼应。 Para. 4
①作上一段的\承\和本段第一个例子的\起\②作上一句的\转\呈现作者的真实意图;③作前两句的\承\是第二个例子;④作本段的\合\对前面两个例子进行总结,回归主题。
【命题分析】
本篇阅读材料是一篇典型的议论文。文章指出,父母对孩子的表扬要专注于孩子的努力过程而不是结果,其语言难度适中,表现出很好的区分度,体现了高考\立德树人、服务选拔、导向教学\的命题原则。具体特点归纳如下: 1.语篇结构特征:
描述表扬孩子的现象→两个极端{
过多的表扬→危害及原因过少的表扬→危害及原因
→正确的表扬→用例子支撑论点
这种行文结构是考生非常熟悉的议论文的语篇结构,易于被广大考生理解,体现了高考的基础性和公平性原则。
2.段内句群之间呈现出严谨的因果关系和转折关系等,考生应注意理顺这些逻辑关系。
3.每一段都有长难句(画线部分),考生只有抓住关键信息、充分运用语言能力,才能理解这些句子。 【思路点拨】
写概要时,首先要注意每段的主题句和关键词,通过词汇替换、句式转变等多种方式改写要点,注意一定要用自己的语言,不可以完全照搬原文;然后,添加衔接词,使各要点之间的衔接更顺畅;最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误,也要注意大小写和标点符号,同时还要注意控制词数,不要少于40或多于80。 本文的要点可以归纳如下:
要点1,如今,父母总是给孩子相当多的赞扬,希望建立他们的自信心,但是这可能会产生相反的效果; 要点2,父母对孩子表扬不够同样有损孩子的自信心;
要点3,专家认为,父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子,而不是因为事情的结果;
要点4,孩子如果很努力,确实值得被赞扬。总之,父母给孩子的赞扬的多少取决于孩子的努力程度。 【范文展示】
Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerable praise to their children, hoping to build their confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect.(要点一) However, not enough praise from parents also does harm to children’s self-confidence. (要点二)Therefore, experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the process not for the result. (要点三)Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they make great effort. Anyway, the amount of praise parents give should depend on how hard their kids work.(要点四) 【亮点点评】
1.范文准确把握了每一段的要点,且各要点之间的逻辑关系清晰,行文顺畅、连贯。
2.各要点之间使用了恰当的衔接词,如:but, However, Therefore, Meanwhile, Anyway等。 3.作者在写作中也特意转换了一些原文中的关键词汇:too much→considerable; be just the opposite→produce the opposite effect; say→claim等。
Writing 1[2018浙江11月]
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the
time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
Writing 2
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
With the increasingly growing popularity of distance education, students are now able to study at home by themselves. Some experts in education are advocates of the individual way of learning, while other educationalists strongly oppose it, claiming that this new approach may lead to poor academic performance. In my opinion, group study (studying as a group) has many more to offer, and therefore we should always put group study first.
It is true that we should value individualism, priding ourselves on our independence and our ability to make up our own minds. This, however, does not necessarily mean that, with self-reliance in mind, we can always start a course that leads to success, no matter what we do. After all, sometimes things go the other way round. Let us begin by having a close examination of studying, which might involve interaction between teachers and students at first thought. But does communication among learners count? The answer is absolutely \By exchanging thoughts with our study partners, we can have a wider range of knowledge of the subject and often at a deeper level; by comparing ourselves with other students, we can get a clear idea of where we are so that we may be motivated to work hard to keep pace with others if we lag behind others.
It is known to all that humans are \群居的)animals\together, but also we work in groups. Almost all members of our society need to gain social skills in preparation for their careers, and studying with other people offers the greatest opportunity to learn how to communicate and cooperate with others. People who study all by themselves may prove their learning ability, but they may not survive in the competitive job market, for they lack relevant social skills.
While we should encourage students to develop their own mindset, the important role played by group study should never be undervalued. All in all, students who study independently might need to change their studying habits in order to achieve success in the future.
Writing 3
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Are you trying to make a big decision while you’re also preparing for a stressful presentation?You might want to hold off that. Feeling stressful changes how people weigh risk and reward. An article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science suggests people under stress pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather from the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R. Lighthall. \associated with negative experiences, so you’d think ‘Maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes’.\But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. \削弱)their learning from negative feedback, \
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s thinking whether to take a new job and is feeling stressful about it might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute(上下班路程). The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in evoking addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. \and they’re less able to resist it,\
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risks. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressful, they get more conservative. Previous research backs this up — at difficult times, men tend towards the fight-or-flight response, while women try to bond more with others and improve their relationships.
Writing 4
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Some people doubt the accuracy and reliability of the facial recognition technology. They need not, because the technology is highly advanced. It can distinguish a human face with or without glasses. Tests show it has a precision rate of more than 99 percent.
Some argue that the fingerprint or iris (虹膜) recognition system is perhaps more accurate than the facial recognition system. True, but for iris recognition, a person has to hold his or her head still and look at the camera, which is time-consuming and thus not suitable for public spaces such as subway stations. And the fingerprint recognition system is not so secure, as some
people can cheat the system by copying and using the fingerprints of other people to enter or exit a station.
The facial recognition system is rather mature. It collects people’s facial images from different angles, instead of one, and therefore minimizes the chance of cheating. Actually, it is already being applied to many fields such as unlocking smartphones and computers. Besides, the facial recognition technology can also help the police to hunt escaped criminals in public spaces.
However, the law says a citizen’s photo should not be collected for commercial use without his/her permission. To avoid such legal risks, some measures should be taken before the collection of passenger information. First, companies must ensure the collected facial images are only for public convenience, and will never be used for commercial purposes, such as advertising. Second, companies must take necessary measures to make sure not even a single one is leaked or sold to any third party without the
passenger’s permission. Generally, advanced technologies can be used in public spaces, but people’s rights must be respected, at least to avoid legal risks.
Writing 5
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories. Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers. Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish disposed(处理) carelessly. There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources. It is necessary to identify the source of pollutants, in order to make a policy to get rid of them. Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollutants.
The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds — solids, liquids and gases. These pollutants have greatly damaged our planet and continue to do so. In fact, pollution is threatening our existence. The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing. Massive destruction of the environment has brought about negative effects and even posed a great threat to man’s existence.
We must face the situation that exists and take action to solve our environmental problems. For instance, new laws must be passed to place strict control over industrial pollution; the public must receive the education about the danger of pollution and raise their awareness of protecting the environment and so on.
The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later generations. Fortunately, more and more people have realized these problems. Measures have been taken to deal with the situation by the government.And laws have been passed to stop pollution. I hope the problems will be solved in the near future and that our home will become better and better.
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