的, 穷光蛋的), skip (跳, 蹦,跳读), sky-blue (天蓝色的, 淡蓝色, 蔚蓝色)
sp---[ ] space (空间, 间隔, 距离, 空地, 余地), spade (铲, 铁锹), Spain (西班牙), spare (多余的, 剩下的/分让给),
spell, speak (说话, 谈话, 发言, 演讲, 说明事实, 表示意见,操(某种语言)), spear ([spiE]矛, 枪), specific ([spi`sifik]特效药,
详细而精确的, 明确的),
spice (香料, 调味品,情趣), spider (蜘蛛), sport(运动,运动会), spume [spju:m](n.泡沫v.(使)起泡沫), spumou
s (adj.起泡沫的, 泡沫状的), spur[spE:](n.踢马剌, 剌激物v.鞭策), sputter [`spQtE说话急快/唾沫飞溅/飞溅出/喷溅声), sputum [spju:tEm](唾液,
痰),
spy (特工, 间谍, 侦探,//秘密侦察),
st---[ ] stand, stamp (邮票, 跺(脚), 顿(足)), stage (舞台,戏剧,举行), star (星, 恒星, 明星, 名角), start (动身,开始,着手 惊动,惊起,起动,发动), staff (棒, 杖, 杆, 支柱, 全体职员), stadium (露天运动场/体育场), step, steep(陡峭的), stick (棍, 棒, 手杖/粘住, 粘贴), stop, student, stupid (愚蠢的, 麻木的), stupidity (蠢事,糊涂事), stutter (口吃, 结结巴巴的说), style (风格, 时尚, 文体),
sw---[ ] swab ([swCb]n.拖把, 药签,vt. 拭抹, 擦洗), swag(摇晃, 水潭,垂花饰), swear(宣誓, 发誓), sweat(n/v.(使)出汗),
sweater(厚运动衫, 毛线衫), sweep(扫, 打扫, 清扫, 席卷, 冲光), sweepup(n.大扫除), sweet(甜的, 可受的, 美好的, 芳香的/n.
糖果),swim (swam,swum),
swing (swang, swung,秋千, 摇摆, 摆动), swicky([美]威士忌酒), swig(n/v.痛饮, 大喝特喝(尤指从瓶口喝的)), swi
ftly(迅速地, 敏捷地), swindle (sb of…骗走某人的), swob(拖把, 海棉), swobble(大口地吃), swoon(vi.昏晕, 昏厥惊讶, 酣睡n.狂喜, 陶醉), swoop(n.突然下降, 猛扑vt攫取vi.飞扑, 突然袭击), sword(剑), swot(at../ for../up; vi.用功读书vt.用功学习n.苦读的人, 辛苦的工作), dw---[ ] dwarf ([dwC:f]n.矮子, 侏儒v.(使)变矮小), dwell(at../in...居住 停留于;on../upon..细想, 详述),
tw---[ ] twelve, twelfth, twenty, twentieth, twain ([twein]n.两, 双, 二, 一对), twin(s), twig ([twig]n.嫩枝, 小
枝, 末梢),
twice([twais]adv.两次, 两倍), twiddle (with…v.玩弄, 旋弄,捻), twill ([twil]n.斜纹织物vt.把...织成斜纹adj.
twinge([twindV]n.一阵一阵痛, 如刺一样痛, 剧痛vt.使一阵一阵痛, 刺
斜纹织物的), twine ([twain]n.合股线, 细绳, 麻线, 搓v.搓, 织, 编饰, (使)缠绕),
痛), twinkle ([5twiNkl]v.闪烁, 闪耀, (使)闪光n.闪烁, 发光, 牛眼), twist([twist]n.一扭, 扭曲,手法, 螺旋状vt.拧, 扭曲, 绞, 搓, 捻, 使苦恼, 使转动, vi.扭弯, 扭曲, 缠绕, 扭动, 呈螺旋形),two,
thr---[ ] three, thread(线，细丝, 线索, 思路, 螺纹), threaten(恐吓, 威胁), threnode (哀歌), thrive(兴旺, 繁荣, 茁壮成长, 旺盛),
throw(扔，抛，投，摔，掷，丢), through (通过，穿过，透过/〔时间〕从…的开始到末了，从头到尾；〔场
所〕到处，全面),
throat (咽喉, 喉咙, 嗓音, 窄路), throne (王座, 君主), throstle (=wood thrush画眉鸟), thruput(吞吐量),
thrust(力推, 冲, 插入, 挤进, 刺, 戳), thrypsis([5Wripsis]粉碎性骨折),
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??? 提前练一练，看看有何难。小测试： 1). 见字读音: 写出下列单词的音标。
class [ ] this [ ] your [ ] you [ ] here [ ] Sandy [ ] Crisp [ ] 2). 音义结合：写出下列读音所对应的汉语意义。
[klB:s] _______; [hiE] ______; [blu:] ______; [sku:lbAg] ___________; [kQm] ______;
3). 听音写字：根据音标写单词。
[klB:s] _______; [hiE] ______; [blu:] ______; [sku:lbAg] ___________; [kQm] ______; [hu:z] ________ [it] ___ [pli:z] ________ [daun] _______ [`ru:lE] _______ [kQm] ____ 4). 形义结合：英汉互译（即，写出对应的英语或汉语意思）。
her -____; thank-_______; 定冠词/ 这个或那个-______; 书-______; rubber -_______; 小姐 -______; 帽子 -_____; Sit down please. ________; Thank you. _______; Here you are. _________; Yes, it is. ________; Come here, please. ___________; ?字母L的两种读音口诀：音节开头发清音[l -], 音节末尾模糊音[- l],
[l - ] lazy, like, look, long, lubber ([`lQbE] adj.粗笨的, 笨拙的n.傻大个), black, please, clock, color, toilet, hol
iday, English, Italian, nationality, lollipop,
[- l ] girl[E:l], ball [C:l], small, school[u:l], well[el], smell, level[(E)l], smile[ail], hill[il], old[Eu
l], cold, child[ail], children [il], full [ul], beautiful [ul], apple [pl], people, pupil, table [bl], impossible, label ((贴)标签), little [tl], bottle, title, middle [dl], cradle(摇篮),bicycle [kl], eagle [gl], pencil [sl], puzzle [-zl], dazzle[5dAzl](眩目，晃眼，耀眼),
常见音节尾音总结：[i:l / il / el/ Al / Ql / El / E:l / C:l / Cl / u:l / ul / ail / eil / Cil / iEl / uEl /
aul / Eul / ]
[-pl / -bl / -tl / -dl / -kl / -gl / -fl / -vl / -sl / -zl / ] [-pEl / -bEl / -tEl / -dEl / -kEl / -gEl / -fEl / -vEl / -sEl / -zEl ] ?元音字母a e i(y) o u 的发音口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。
重开音节多长音，[ei][i:][ai][Eu][ju:/u:]来拼；重闭音节/轻音短，[A][e][i][C][Q][u][E] a接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei][A] [C/C:][i] [E]。e的发音首数[e]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i][E]。 重开音节i发[ai]，重闭/轻音短[i][E]。o发长音[Eu][C:][u:]，短音[Q][C][E] one殊。 u字多发 [ju:]和[Q]，忙碌busy(i)加[u:][u]。y头发[j]重读[ai]，轻音/结尾[i]变来。 ay ,ey, o/uy，多发[ei][i],[Ci][ai]。r前元音常卷舌，S后弱音须强化。 相近发音不规则，省力顺口是关键。相近/强化加弱化，使得元音多变化。 例词：
a--- [/ ei / B:/ A/ C:/ C/ E/ i / ] 强化音[ei]，弱化音[E]a接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei][A] [C/C:][i] [E]。
name [ei], table [ei], car [B:], park [B:], class [B:], basket [B:/A], as [A], ass [A], father [B:], afterward(s) [B:/E](然后, 后来), dollar [E],cap [A], catch [A], grammar [A/E], America [E], asleep, alone, afraid, banana [E /B:/E], woman [E], water [C:], watch [C], what [C], war [C:], orange [i], e--- [/ i:/ e/ i / E/ -*(词尾空音) / ] 强化音[i:]，弱化音[E/ i ] e的发音首数[e]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i][E]。
he [i:], she [i:], we [i:], me [i:], evening [i:], red [e], pencil [e], empty [e], desk [e], umbrella [e], French [e], basket [i], women [i], pretty [i], the [E / i:], children [E], open [E], hundred [E / i:],
/ -*(词尾空音) /---- whose [z], house [s], nice [s], face [s], white [t], name [m], give [v], side [d], wake [k], prize [z], fine [n], tube [b], orange [dV], employee [i:] (职工, 雇员, 店员), apple [pl], table [bl], little [tl], middle [dl], bicycle [kl], eagle [gl](鹰),
i--- [ /ai / i:/ i / E / ] 强化音[ai/i:]，弱化音[E/ i] 重开音节发[i: /ai]，重闭/轻音短[i][E]。 right [ai], bicycle [ai], white [ai], police [i:], this [i], which [i], his [i],building [i], beautiful [E], holiday [E],
o--- [ /Eu/ Q/ C/ C:/u:/ u / E / wQ-] 强化音[Eu/ C:/u:]，弱化音[E] o发长音[Eu][C:][u:]，短音[Q][C][E] one殊。
no [Eu], cold [Eu], those [Eu], come [Q], some [Q], mother [Q], brother [Q], son [Q], month [Q], dog [C], not [C], hot [C], sorry [C], shop [C], locker [C], box [C], orange [C:], whose [u:], who [u:], do [u:], to [u:], two [u:], woman [u], policeman [E], today [E], occasion [E](场合, 时机, 机会), aeroplane [E], // one [wQn], once [wQns], reservoir [`rezEvwB:],
u--- [ /ju:/ Q / u / u: /i / ] 强化音[ju:/u:]，弱化音[i]u字多发 [ju:]和[Q]，忙碌busy(i)加[u:][u]。
use [ju:], usually [ju:], tube [ju:], music [ju:], pupil [ju:], rubber [Q], umbrella [Q], mum [Q], hungry [Q], bus [Q], just [Q],cup [Q],put [u], full [u], pull [u], ruler [u:],Sue [u:],blue [u:],minute [i], busy [i]
?y--- [ /ai / j / i /] 强化音[ai]，弱化音[i] y头发[j]重读[ai]，轻音/结尾[i]变来。
your [j], you [j], yes [j], yellow [j], young [j], my [ai], why [ai], tyre [ai], style [ai], fry [ai], cry [ai], bicycle [i], baby [i], ready [i], hungry [i], very [i], thirsty [i], empty [i], busy [i], body [i], slowly [i],
?常见元音字母组合发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，常受影响发音变；千锤百炼习语感。 组合爱发长/双元(音(重读音节))；常受影响发音变；为了顺口图方便，近似发音相变换。 另有强化加弱化，多个字母省略念。外来/古语不规则(发音)，熟读百遍字腔圆。
a--- ay [ei] day, say, play, way, weekday, birthday, // [i] Sunday, Monday, …
ar [B:] car, star, farm, are, park, garlic, // [E] dollar, collar, grammar, particular [pE`tikju:lE], al [C:] all, ball, small, hall, walk, chalk, // [B:] half,
[C:l / Al / El ]非组合式的情况：although[C:l], alga [`AlgE](藻类, 海藻), algal [`AlgEl](adj.海藻的), algebra [Al`dVibrE] (代数学), signal [lsigEl](信号/发信号, 用信号通知),
au [C:] daughter, fault, audience, cause, August[`C:gEst] (八月), august [C:`gQst](令人敬畏的, 威严的), [C] because, [au] kraut(泡菜), [B:] laugh, air [ZE] air, chair, hair, pair, fair,
ai [ei] aid, aim, rain, afraid, wait, maid, straight, faith (信念, 宗教信仰, 忠实,), aw [C:] draw, law, saw, awful, raw,
e--- ea [i:] teacher, tea, eat, meat, read, clean, heal, [e] bread, breakfast, head, [ei] great, break, steak,
ee [i:] meet, teeth, see, three, green, week, freezing, queen,
ei [ei] eight, weigh, weight, [i:] receive, ceiling, deceit (n.欺骗, 谎言), deceive(v. 欺骗, 谎言), receipt (收
条, 收据, 收到),
perceive (v.察觉感知, 感到), conceit (原义;自负, 幻想),
er [E:] her, herd(兽群, 牧群/放牧), emergency (紧急情况, 紧急突发事件, 非常时刻,), [E] teacher, sister, brother, far
mer, worker, letter, over,
ear [iE] ear, hear, near, year, fear, earwig (偷听者), [ZE] pear, wear, swear(宣誓, 发誓),
[E:] early, earth, earn,
ere [iE] here, sphere (球体), hemisphere (半球), [ZE] there, ere (prep/conj. 前于...; 在...以前), eir [ZE] their,
eer [iE] beer, deer, cheer(欢呼/喝彩), sneer(冷笑,讥笑), jeer(讥讽嘲弄), engineer, , ey [ei] they, grey, hey,
ew [ju:] new, few, hew(砍), view(景色, 风景, 观点, 见解), ewe (母羊),
i--- ir [E:] girl, sir, thirsty, shirt, skirt, first, thirty, whirl((使)旋转), stir (轰动, 激起,搅动),
ie [i:] piece, niece(侄女, 甥女), field, thief, believe, belief, achieve(完成, 达到), chief(首领, 领袖, 酋长, 长官//主要的,
首要的, 首席的, 主任的),
grief(悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤), relief((痛苦等的)减轻),
ire [aiE] tire(轮胎；使劳累), tired(累的，疲劳的), wire(金属丝, 电线), igh [ai] right, light, fight, might(也许, 或许; 可能), night, knight,
o--- or [C:] or, for, fork, morning, short, torch, more, [E:] work, worker, [E] actor, doctor, forget,
oa [Eu] boat, coat, goat, goal,
oo [u:]school, food, too, room, tooth, spoon, moon, boot, root, wool, mood(心情, 情绪, 语气, 状态),
[u] book, look, cook, good, football, foot [Q] blood, flood,
ou [au] house, blouse, trousers, mouse, mouth, south, ouch, out, our, hour, flour, sour, mountain,
[Q] young, touch, rough(粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的), [u:] you, through, rouge [ru:V](擦口红/胭脂), [u]would, could, should, [C:] cough,
ow [au] brown, down, how, now, towel, tower, [Eu] yellow, bowl, show, blow, snow, throw oy/oi [Ci] boy, toy, enjoy, employ, // noise, noisy, toilet, oil, boil, our [au] our, flour(面粉) [C:] your, four, course, ore [C:] before, more, forehead, foresee, oor [C:/ JE]/ door, floor, moor(荒野;停泊, 系住),
u--- ur [E:] turn, Thursday, hurt, fur, urge, further, urban (城市的, 市内的), suburb, suburbia (郊区居民), ure picture, future[tFE], // sure[FuE], //pleasure, measure[VE], ua [JE] usual, usually, February, graduate [`grAdJEt](大学)毕业生, 研究生), 非组合发音： graduate [`grAdjJeit] (v. (使)(大学)毕业), [jJE]January, uy [ai] buy, guy,
?五、音节、音节的结构和类型、音节划分、音节重音和拼读：
1.???????? 音节就是英文单词字母(或发音)的排列单位，一个单位算一节。连读起来轻重缓急，流利有节奏，
便于听说阅读。
2.???????? 音节的结构、类型：口诀： 完全结构头中尾(音头/音中/音尾)，元音字母占中央(包含组合)，缺头少尾有开
闭(音节)，e尾/成音/r音节。
开音节/闭音节：以元音或不发音的e结尾的叫开音节，以辅音结尾的是闭音节。
开音节(词) ：[以开音节结尾] a, area, tea, by, day, no, boy, buy, grey, ba*by, ru*ler, rub*ber, fa*ther,
the, she, we, he, bee, ta*ble, ap*ple, name, bi*cy*cle, banana, orange, some,
闭音节(词)：bas*ket, bag, cap, class, miss, cross, rain, ti*red, bed, red, yes, egg, sit, it, begin(开始), hot,
not, boat, boil(沸腾，煮沸，激动), cup, sun, cut, put, but, mutton(羊肉), meet, woman,
r音节：元音字母(a e i o u) + r构成的独立的音节，也可以前后加辅音字母共同构成音节。
例如：far(远的), arm, er (嗯~), her, tea*cher, ru*ler, sir, girl, stir(轰动, 激起), or, for(为了，对于，因为，适合),
short, fur(毛皮), turn, // ar?ti?cle(文章), or?der (命令, 定购, 定制；次序, 顺序,秩序), ur?gent (急迫的, 紧急的), ur?ban (城市
的, 市内的),
成音节： 辅音字母(有时跟不发音/弱化音的元音字母) + l, m, n, (常常带有不发音的e)可算作一个音节。
例如：la?bel ((贴)标签), pu?pil, pen?cil [sl], ta?ble, bi?cy?cle, lit?tle [tl], ap?ple [pl], peo?ple,
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