非谓语动词之动词不定式详解与真题练习
定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。
一、动词不定式的结构
1. 不定式的构成 （以动词do为例） 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
① I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
② I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. ③ He seems to have caught a cold.
④ He seems to be eating something.
⑤ She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. ⑥ He went to the hospital to be examined.
⑦ It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party. ⑧ It was impossible for lost time to be made up. ⑨ I wish to be sent to work in the country. ⑩ Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?
1）不定式的一般式主动式(to do )，一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。 My wish is to become a doctor. He seemed to be tired. She stopped to have a rest.
2）不定式的一般被动式 (to be done)
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式。 The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.
3）不定式的进行式，不定式表示动作正在进行, 这时候不定式就要用进行式.（to be doing）
They are said to be building another bridge across the street. They seemed to be talking about something important.
When I went to his house, he happened to be traveling around the world.
4）不定式的现在完成主动式，如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，且是主动，就用完成式 (to have done) ； He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.
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主动形式 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing to be done 被动形式 to have been done 无 无 He thought it a pity not to have invited us. He seems to have finished his homework.
5) 不定式的现在完成被动式，如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，且是被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done)。 He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. The assistant seemed to have been fired.
6）如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.
They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang. We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.
二、动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。 一、不定式做主语：
1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作；而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 E.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To do such things is foolish. 注: 1) 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数
2) 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 ①在“It is＋adj (＋of sb.／sth.) ＋ to do sth.”结构中，不定式的逻辑主语则是由of引导。这类形容词常常是用来说明或评价人的行为，表现，性格，特征，品质的形容词。
如：brave, clever, considerate(考虑周到的), cruel(残酷的，残忍的), cunning(狡猾的), careful, careless, foolish, generous(慷慨的), greedy(贪婪的), honest, kind, lazy, modest, nice, polite, rude（粗鲁的, selfish(自私的), silly, stupid, 等。
It's very kind of you to help. It was stupid of me to believe him.
②在“It is＋adj (＋for sb.／sth.) ＋ to do sth.”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。通常表明的是事情对人产生的影响或意义。比如“难易程度、重要性、可能性大小等”。
用于此句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。例如： It is interesting to play this game. It is necessary for you to change your job. How rude it was of the boy to jump the queue!
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house. How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！ ③It＋be＋名词＋不定式
用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。例如：
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It's our duty to take good care of the old.
What a pity it is for you to have missed such a wonderful film. It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old. It's a shame for you to do such kind of thing.
④It takes sb.＋some time / courage / patience …＋to do sth. 该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。例如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by bike. 二、不定式做表语
主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose, task 等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态。
Eg： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 三、不定式做宾语
以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：agree, care, choose, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, afford （付得起），aim(力求做到)，appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt （试图），claim（声称），demand（要求），determine（决心），hesitate（犹豫），learn（学会），manage（设法），offer（主动提出），prepare（准备），promise（答应），prove（证明），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），threaten（预示），undertake（承诺），volunteer（自愿做）等只能用动词不定式作宾语 E.g. ①Tom refused to lend me his pen.
② We hope to get there before dark. ③ The girl decided to do it herself.
④ The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.
⑤ My goal is to pass the college entrance examination. ⑥ They decided to build a highway between these two cities. ⑦ She offered to help me when I was in trouble. ⑧ He promised not to tell anyone about it.
⑨ I don't decide/know what to do/where to go. ⑩ I can't remember what to do.
注意：当作宾语的不定式是较长的短语，常常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的不定式放到句末去。常常这样用的动词有believe, think, consider, find,feel, make等动词。
可构成句型“动词+ it +adj. / n + to do sth.”句型，其中使用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。例如：
①I think it necessary for us to have a good rest after the long work. ②She felt it her duty to help the old woman. ③I find it difficult to understand him.
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四、不定式做定语:
作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 （逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系） 1）不定式前的名词是它的逻辑主语。 He is the doctor to do the operation.
2) 不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。 I have a lot of things to do.
3）不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象。
This is the right time to start.
① 下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语：ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, evidence, failure, means, measure, reason, refusal, promise, right,way, wish等。例如：
But she gave up the chance to go abroad. You have no right to speak.
He has the ability to work out the math question. I have the courage to invite her for dinner. She has a great wish to to travel around the world. 注意:如果作定语的不定式为“动词+介词”，介词不可省略。
如：We must find a hotel to live in because it is getting dark. (live in a hotel)
Please give me a piece of paper to write on. (write on a piece of paper) There are a lot of goods(商品)to choose from. (choose from the goods)
② 由only, first, last, next, only, second以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接不定式作定语。例如：
Who was the last one to leave the classroom last night? She was the first girl to come to the party. He is the only person to know the thing.
This is the best film to be played that year. 这是那年放映的最好的电影。 The cheapest products(商品，产品)to be bought is in that store. ③ 在there be句型中，作定语的不定式可以用主动或者被动。 如：There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about. There is a lot of work to do/be done. Is there anything to eat?
④ 有些不定式作定语，具有“将来实现”的意义，即不定式动作将在将来发生。 如：The meeting to take place is very important for the company.即将召开的会议对这个公司极其重要。
The person for you to talk with is the manager. 将和你谈话的人是经理。 五、做宾语补足语：不定式作宾补时，其逻辑主语常常就是它前面的宾语。
① 可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge(挑战), convince(使信服), dare, drive(驱使), encourage, expect, forbid, force(强迫), hire, instruct(指导),
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