context; Use pictures; Use tongue twisters
Three ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences: Use gestures Use the voice Use the blackboard
Two ways to make intonation: rising/falling arrows; draw lines
Unit 7 Teaching Grammar
Three ways of grammar presentation: 演示法 Deductive method 演绎法
It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparing Inductive method 归纳法
The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.
Guided discovery method 引导发现法
It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.
Ur’ s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice: 1) Pre-learning.
2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).
3) Success-orientation成功性联系. 4) Heterogeneity多样性. 5) Teacher assistance. 6) Interest.
Two categories 类别of grammar practice: Mechanical practice 机械性练习
It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy. In Substitution drills 替换练习 In Transformation drills 转移变形练习
Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习 It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.
Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示 1) Using picture prompts.
2) Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts. 3) Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.
4) Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词 as prompts. 5) Using chained phrases for story telling. 6) Using created situations.
Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary
Knowing a word involves what:
Pronunciation and stress
Spelling and grammatical properties Meaning
How and when to use it to express the intended meaning Denotative meaning 指示意义 Connotative meaning 内涵意义 Collocations 搭配
Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词 Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇 Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法
1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning. 2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher. 3.Use synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings
4.Use lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings
5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning
6.Use word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known 7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.
8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used. 9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words 10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have
Ways of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法 1) Labeling标注词汇 2) Spot the differences 3) Describe and draw 4) Play a game
5)using the Internet resources for more ideas 6) Use word series 单词系列 7) Word bingo
9) word association 自此联想 10) find synonyms and antonyms 11) categories
12) Using word net-work 网状图
Developing vocabulary learning strategies: 1) Review regularly
2) Guess meaning from context 3) Organize vocabulary effectively 4) Use learned vocabulary
Unit 9 Teaching Listening
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