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绝密★启用前
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
管理类专业学位联考
英语试卷
考生需知
1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
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Section I Use of English
Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who __1__ in World War II and the people they liberated, the GI. was the__2__man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who __3__ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the__4__of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, __5__ an average guy, up__6__the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. GI. is just a military abbreviation__7__Government Issue, and it was on all of the article __8__to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never__9__it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has __10__ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
GI. Joe had a __11__ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character ,or a __12__of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent ErniePyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle__13__ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the __14__ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were__15__or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports__16__the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men__17__the dirt and exhaustion of war, the__18__of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. __19__ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, __20__the most important person in their lives.
1. [A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed 2. [A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal 3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded 4. [A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties 5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence 6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against 7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming 8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down 9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed 10. [A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither 11. [A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished 12. [A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony 13. [A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned 14. [A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human 15. [A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained 16. [A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted 17. [A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired 18. [A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances 19. [A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond 20. [A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point
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Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right. 21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B] is no longer an educational ritual [C] is not required for advanced courses [D] is gaining more preferences
22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students [A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education [B] have asked for a different educational standard [C] may have problems finishing their homework [D] have voiced their complaints about homework
23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may
[A] discourage students from doing homework
[B] result in students' indifference to their report cards [C] undermine the authority of state tests [D] restrict teachers' power in education
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether .
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[A] it should be eliminated [B] it counts much in schooling
[C] it places extra burdens on teachers [D] it is important for grades 25. A suitable title for this text could be [A] wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy [B] a Welcomed Policy for Poor Students [C] thorny Questions about Homework [D] a Faulty Approach to Homework
Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist. 26. By saying \ .
[A] should not be the sole representation of girlhood [B] should not be associated with girls' innocence [C] cannot explain girls' lack of imagination [D] cannot influence girls' lives and interests
27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？
[A] Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing genders. [D] White is preferred by babies.
28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development much influenced by .
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[A] the marketing of products for children
[B] the observation of children's nature [C] researches into children's behavior [D] studies of childhood consumption
29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to
[A] focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes [B] attach equal importance to different genders [C] classify consumers into smaller groups [D] create some common shoppers' terms
30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be [A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency [B] fully understood by clothing manufacturers [C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen [D] well interpreted by psychological experts
Text 3
In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy, companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______
A. their executives to be active B. judges to rule out gene patenting C. genes to be patentable D. the BIO to issue a warning
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