Chapter 1:
Main issues of translation studies: 1. Jacobson’s categories of translation: a. Intralingual; b. Interlingual;
c. Intersemiotic (verbal- non-verbal).
2.History of the discipline:
a. From the late 18th to the 1960s – grammar-translation method (replaced by communicative approach in the 1960s and 1970s);
b.The USA 1960s –translation workshop concept based on Richards’ reading workshops and practical criticism approach that began in 1920s; running parallel to this approach was that of comparative literature;
c.The USA 1930s-1960s/70s – contrastive analysis;
d.More systematic, and mostly linguistic-oriented, approach 1950s-1960s:
i. J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet (French/English); ii. A. Malblanc (French/German);
iii. G. Mounin (linguistic issues of translation);
iv. E. Nida (based on Chomsky generative grammar).
v. James S. Holmes’ “The name and nature of translation studies” is considered to be the
founding statement of a new discipline.
vi. Hermans Manipulation School
vii. Vieira Brazilian cannibalist school Postcolonial theory viii. Venuti cultural-studies-oriented analysis
The Holmes/Toury map of translation studies1:
Translation studies: 1 Pure a)Theoretical (translation theory) i) General ii) Partial 2 Applied a)Translator training i)Teaching evaluation methods ii)Testing techniques iii)Curriculum designb)Translation aids (1)Medium restricted (a)By machine: Alone/With human aid (b)By humans: Written/Spoken: consecutive/simultaneous (2)Area restricted (specific languages) (3)Rank restricted (word/sentence/text) (4)Text-type restricted (genres: literary, business, technical translations) (5)Time restricted (periods) (6)Problem restricted (specific problems e.g. equivalence) b)Descriptive (DTS) i)Product oriented (examines existing translations) ii)Process oriented (what happens in the mind of a translator) iii)Function oriented (a study of context /socio-translation studies / cultural-studies-oriented translation)
i)IT applications (1)translation software (2)on-line databases (3)use of internet ii)Dictionaries iii)Grammars c)Translation criticism i) Evaluation of translations ii) Revision of students translations iii) Reviews of published translations
Chapter 2: Translation theory before the 20th century:
Literal Free Adaptation Up until the sterile debate second half of over the triad of the 20th century literal , free and faithful translation 1st cent. BC Cicero1西赛罗 Interpreter 他坚持他是以演说家而不是以解释者来翻译的。他倡导意译 Orator 4th century St Jerome 哲罗姆 China Baghdad Ancient 750-1250 Word-for-word Sense-for-sense 他采取意译而不是直译的翻译方法 Heretical (Etienne Dolet) More than 1000 Western society years after St Jerome The French Etienne Dolet 多humanist, who 雷 was burnt in 1546 16th century Before century Avoid 他提出了翻译五原则 Martin Luther 通过翻译将精英马丁路德 通俗化 Fidelity Letter everyday speech style Truth Spirit Imitation Imitation 17th From 17th century 17th century Cowley England 17th century John Dryden约翰德England 莱顿 18th century A.F. Tytler 亚历山大England 泰特勒 Metaphrase Paraphrase 提出了翻译三分法：逐字对译，活译，拟作 Adopt the very soul of the author (spirit) 19th century Schleiermacher(divided The reader toward the writer texts into business and (alienating; foreignization – philosophical) 施莱尔Venuti)提倡保留原作的原味 马赫 The writer toward the reader (naturalizing; domestication - Venuti) for a wide audience 19th-early F. Newman 弗朗西斯强调原作的异20th cent. 纽曼 味 Britain M. Arnold 马修阿诺德 for elite 提倡透明的翻译方法 Throughout the centuries debate on form vs. content occurred. Traduttore, traditore = the translator is a traitor
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