Unit One
Ⅰ.英译汉：
1. trading bloc 贸易集团 2. import share 进口额度
3. production and distribution sharing 合作生产和分配共享 4. global reorientation 全球性的重新定位 5. conduct international business 从事国际商务 6. insurance company 保险公司
7. provide for efficient transportation 提供便利交通
8. forge a network of global linkages 形成全球网络（联网） 9. international investment 国际投资
10.use and acceptance of the common coinage采用和接纳同一货币制度 Ⅱ.汉译英
1. 贸易惯例 business practice 2. 石油危机 oil shock 3. 市场份额 market share
4. 完成交易 carry out transaction
5. 以市场为基础的商业交易 market based business transaction 6. 跨国公司 multinational corporation 7. 国际贸易量 volume of international trade 8. 主要经济大国 major economic powers
9. 提高生活水平 improve the standards of living 10. 股票市场 stock market 11. 年销售额 annual sales
12. 国内生产总值 gross domestic product
Unit Two
Ⅰ.英译汉
1.patterns of world trade 世界贸易格局
2.bulky or perishable goods 大件货物或易腐烂商品 3.a heavy consumer of natural resources 自然资源的主要消费者 4.an elite group of merchants and entrepreneurs 商业和企业家的精英群体 5.outlaw strip mining of coal 立法禁止采矿
6.resist foreign investment in one's industry 抵制外国在某国工业方面的投资 7.undertake steps to limit oil consumption 采取措施限制石油消费
8.impose tariffs and quotas on imported items采取对进口商品征收关税和实行配额 9.International Bauxite Association (IBA) 国际铝矿协会
10.Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)石油输出国组织 Ⅱ.汉译英
1.初级产品 primary commodities 2.价格下跌 price drop
3.劳动成本 labor costs
4.生产国和消费国 producing and consuming nations 5.粮食主要出口商 dominant exporters of grains 6.国际收支 balance of payments 7.第三方 a third party 8.批量生产 mass-produce
9.比较成本理论 theory of comparative advantage 10.金属含量 metal content 11.期货交割 futures delivery
12.商品期货交易 commodity futures trading 13.采取保护主义措施 take protectionist measures 14.消费国 consuming countries 15.运输费用 transportation expenses
16.减缓对石油的依赖 lessen one’s dependence on oil 17.炸糖加工设备 sugar processing facilities 18.外汇 foreign exchange Ⅲ.短文翻译
The theory of international trade has changed drastically from that first put forward by Adam Smith. The classical theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo focused on the abilities of countries to produce goods more cheaply than other countries. The earliest production and trade theories saw labor as the major factor expense that went into any product. If a country could pay that labor less, and if that labor could produce more physically than labor in other countries, the country might obtain an absolute or comparative advantage in trade.
国际贸易理论自从亚当史密斯第一次提出后就发生了很大的变化。亚当和大卫的传统理论强调了国家所具有的比其他国家便宜生产商品的能力，最早的生产贸易理论把劳动力视为获得产品的主要支出因素。如果某个国家可以支付较少的劳动力费用。同时在体力劳动中比其他国家生产的多的话，这个国家就可能在贸易当中获得绝对和相对的优势。
Subsequent theoretical development led to a more detailed understanding of production and its costs. Factors of production are now believed to include labor (skilled and unskilled), capital, natural resources, and other potentially significant commodities that are difficult to reproduce or replace, such as energy. Technology, once assumed to be the same across all countries, is now seen as one of the premier driving forces in determining who holds the competitive edge or advantage. International trade is now seen as a complex combination of thousands of products, technologies, and firms that are constantly innovating to keep up with or get ahead of the competition.
Modern trade theory has looked beyond production cost to analyze how the demands of the marketplace alter who trades with whom and which firms survive domestically and internationally. The abilities of firms to adapt to foreign markets, both in the demands and the competitors that form the foreign markets, have required much of international trade and investment theory to search out new and innovative approaches to what determines success and failure.
Finally, as world economies grew and the magnitude of world trade increased, the simplistic ideals that guided international trade and investment theory have had to grow with them. The choices that many firms face today require them to directly move their capital, technology, and know-how to countries that possess other unique factors or market advantages that will help the firm keep pace with market demands.
Unit Three
Ⅰ.英译汉
1.corporation bond 公司债券 2.close column 收盘汇率栏 3.cross deal 套汇交易 4.enter into a contract 签订合同 5.foreign exchange community 外汇界 6.two sets of quotations 两组标价 7.post savings certificate 邮政储蓄凭证 8.in a written legal form 用书面的法律形式 9.an unwritten code of conduct 为成文行为准则
10.handle sth. in an informal manner 用非正规方式处理某事 11.the bank nominated by the purchaser 买方指定的银行 12.apply the indirect quotation system 采用间接标价法 13.make payment upon delivery 交货付款 14.International Monetary Market (IMM) 国际货币市场
Ⅱ.汉译英
1.短期国库券 treasury bill
2.外汇交易日 foreign exchange dealers 3.外汇汇率 foreign exchange rate 4货币主管当局 monetary authorities 5.签定合同 make a contract 6.套汇汇率 cross rate
7.政府债券 governmental bond 8.起息日 value date
9.电汇汇率 telegraphic transfer rate 10.立即交货 immediate delivery 11.直接标价法 direct quotation system 12.期货市场 futures market
13.波动汇率 fluctuate exchange rate 14.外国证券 foreign security
Ⅲ.短文翻译
The exchange of currency is necessary for international trade and commerce. The purpose of exchange rate systems is to provide a free and liquid market for the world's
currencies while providing some degree of stability and predictability to currency values. The modern history of the international monetary system has seen periods of success and failure in the accomplishments of this purpose.
The gold standard, which was in wide use during the early years of the twentieth century, was a highly restrictive system. The ability to convert currency to gold imposed restrictions on the ability of countries to run inflationary monetary policies or conduct imbalanced trade for substantial periods of time. But the gold standard was also inflexible, and many have argued that it slowed economic growth unduly by limiting the amount of money that could be put into growing economies.
The Bretton Woods Agreement signed in 1944, in anticipation of the reconstruction of the world economy after World War ??, was an international monetary system in which the U.S. dollars was the centerpiece and literally \gold\years, it saw its natural decline as the world economy changed and world currency markets needed to change with it. The result, the floating exchange rate system in use today, reflects the dominance of market economies, market forces, and the growth in international commerce. Two of the most influential multilateral institutions in operation today, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, arose from the Bretton Woods Agreement.
国际贸易需要货币兑换。汇率体制目的是在为世界的各种货币提供自由流动的市场。同时在某种程度上使货币值具有稳定性和可预测性。从国际货币体制的近代史中可以看到实现此目的所经历了很多的成功和失败。
在20世纪早期，广泛的使用黄金的标准是一种具有很多限制的体系，能否把货币转换为黄金，它制约了国家长期实行限制通货膨胀的货币政策和处理失衡的贸易能力，但黄金标准也缺乏灵活性。许多人认为它减慢了经济发展投资的金额，以致于极大地延缓了经济的增长。
布雷顿森林协议是在1944年签署的。它的目的是在第二次世界大战后重建经济，此协议是一种国际货币体系，在这个体系当中，它重点强调了美元和黄金一样坚挺的作用.虽然布雷顿森林个协议在过去的25年中发挥了很好的作用。但它的作用在下滑，因为世界经济发生变化，世界经济市场也要随之改变。结果浮动汇率的体系今天已被采用，它反映了市场经济的市场力和国际贸易增长的主导地位。当今具有影响力的两个国际多边机构，国际货币基金组织和世界银行，它们都是从布雷顿森林协议中提出的。
Unit Four
Ⅰ.英译汉
1. accelerated depreciation 加速折旧 2. Research subsidy 科研津贴
3. Foreign portfolio on loans 外国有价证券投资 4. Strategic objective 战略性目标
5. Various regional sales offices 不同地区的销售部
6. share capital outlay and \ 分担资本支出和专有技术 7. Renew the contract with the distributors 与经销商续签合同
8. Receive a commission on products sold 因卖出产品而获得佣金 9. Foreign market entry 打入外国市场
10. Achieve the highest possible efficiency 达到可能的最高的生产效益 11. Obtain the maximum return on investment 最大限度或得投资收益 12. Be authorized to manufacture the product under license授权凭许可证生产产品 13. Make an acquisition of an existing manufacturing plant收购现存的加工厂 14. Acquire part or all of the equity of an existing foreign company
购买外国现有公司的全部或部分的股份
15. International Telephone and Telegraph 国际电话电报公司
Ⅱ.汉译英
1.经济一体化 economic integration 2.劳动权利法 night-to-work law 3.资本流通性 mobility of capital 4.投资鼓励措施 investment incentive 5.采取战略性方针 take a strategic approach
6.投资预期收益 expected return on an investment 7.投标一亿九千万美元 make a ＄190 million bid 8.得到专利使用费 receive royalty payments 9.授予国外经销权 authorize foreign distribution 10.现金流量预测 cash flow projection 11.培训津贴 training allowance 12.收益率 rate of return
13.许可证贸易的缺点 drawback of licensing 14.集中各种资源 pool all one’s resources 15.不同合作者 respective partner
Ⅲ.短文翻译
A joint venture can be defined as the participation of two or more companies in an enterprise in which each party contributes assets, owns the entity to some degree and shares risk. (The venture is also considered long term.) The reason for establishing a joint venture can be divided into three groups:(1)government suasion or legislation, (2)one partner's needs of other partners' skills, and (3) one partner's needs for other partners' attributes or assets. Equality of the partners has the majority of ventures; each partner’s contributions--typically consisting of funds, technology, plant, or labor--also vary.
The key to a joint venture is the sharing of a common business objective, which makes the arrangement more than a customer-vendor relationship but less than an outright acquisition. The partners rationales for entering into the arrangement may vary. An example is new United Motor Manufacturing Inc.(NUMMI), the joint venture between Toyota and GM. Toyota needed direct access to the U.S. market. While GM benefited from the technology and management approaches provided by its Japanese partner.
Joint ventures may be the only way in which a firm can profitably participate in a particular market. For example, India restricts equity participation in local operations by foreigners to 40 percent. Other entry modes may limit the scale of operation
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