专题十三 主谓一致（语法，就近，意义一致三原则）
一．就近原则
1. 由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 Neither his parents nor Tom_____(be) at home. 2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
There _____(be) a book and some pens on the desk. /There ______(come) the bus. 3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。 I know the man who_____(be) talking to my father.
4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 It is Mary’s brother who_____(be) injured in the car accident yesterday. 二．意义一致原则
1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， besides，except， but， including等短语时 ，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。
I along with my sister_____(be) going to Shanghai next month.
2. 由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 What I want to say _____(be) just “ Take care!”.
3. “…+ (of) +名词”作主语时，若“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。Most of the water here ______(be) clean.
80% cotton ______have) been sent to America.80%/ Half of the apples ______(be) red.
6. 词组“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。A number of ancient buildings __ (be) destroyed in the war./The number of the visitors__ (have) decreased this year.
7. 英语的集体名词（family, public, group, team, class等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。My family ____(be) very poor when I was a little girl / My family ______(be) all looking forward for your coming. 三．整体原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。
When to leave _____(be) not been decided./Watching TV too much _____(be) bad for your eyes. 注：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。 What he said and what he did _____(be) always different last night .
2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
The novelist and poet __going to Europe next year./The novelist and the poet__(be) going to Europe next year.
3. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。 10 minutes is enough.
4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。2 and 3 ______5.
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5.“the +姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The Blacks ______(enjoy) working in China. 四．个体原则
1. every +….and every +…..或each+…and each +…作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Every man and every woman _____(be) busy at working.
2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，作代词充当主语，修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Neither of us _____(have) been abroad. Neither answer _____(be) wrong .
3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Somebody ______(be)waiting for you at the school gate.
4. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses，shoes，trousers，pants，gloves等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要与量词（pair, suit, piece ）在单复数上保持一致。A pair of scissors_______(be) useful tool for a dressmaker. Two pieces of paper ______(be ) on the desk .
5. 以复数形式出现，却表示单数意义（maths, physics, news …）谓语用单数。 Maths_____(be) my favorite subject.
11. “the +形容词（old /young /rich /poor ）”表示“一类人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。 The young ______(like) listening to popular songs .
7.“the +姓氏的复数” 表示“某某夫妇，某某一家人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。 The Greens _______(be)having lunch now.
专题十四 感叹句
一、what引导的感叹句：
1.what + a / an +adj + 单数名词 （+主语+ 谓语）！_______ a clever boy he is ! 2.what + adj + 复数名词 （+主语+ 谓语）！_______ heavy boxes they are ! 3.what + adj + 不可数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！_______ bad weather ! 四、how引导的感叹句：
1.How + adj / adv + 主语+ 谓语！_________ hard they are working ! 2.How + adj + a / an + 单数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！How tall a boy he is ! 3. How + adj / adv + the + 名词+ 谓语！________ heavily the rain is falling! 4．How+句子！
五、what 与how引导的感叹句之间的转换：1.What a beautiful girl she is != ______ beautiful the girl is ! 六、几个常见的感叹句：1.______ great fun it is ! 2.______ important information ! 3.______ good news !
七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词：food , work , weather , fun , music , information , news , advice ,
专题十五 宾语从句
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专题十六：定语从句
一、定语从句：
1.定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词：引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。 4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。 关系词 that which who whom whose 指代 既指人也指物 指物 指人 指人 既指人也指物 在定语从句中的作用 作主语、宾语 作主语、宾语 作主语 作宾语 作定语 二、定语从句：1.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that，which均可.但下列情况，只用that不用which。 1).当先行词为指物的不定代词，如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时，只能用that。There is nothing ______ I can do for you .
2).先行词被the only,the very,the last,all,no,little等词修饰,只用that。This is the very book ___ I’m looking for .
3).先行词被序数词修饰时，只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school . 4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .
5).先行词既有人也有物时，只能that 。 He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had . 2.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况，只能用which不用that。 1).关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用which 。This is the building in ______ he lives . 2).先行词本身是that时，关系词只能用which 。The clock is that _____ tells the time . 3).引导非限定性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用which。 His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.
3.先行词是人时，一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。但以下情况下，只能用who。
1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who .Those ____ are singing are all my classmates .
2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人时，只能用who。指物时用that。There is a girl ______ expects to see you .
3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时，只能用who 。He ______ plays with fire gets burned . 三、定语从句 由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。
where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which
1.由where引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语
Is this the house ____ you lived ?= Is this the house ____ ___ you lived ?= Is this the house ___ you lived in ?
2.由when引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语 I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him.
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注：先行词是the last time 时，when 可省略。When was the last time you saw the parrot ? 3.由why引导的定语从句。先行词为reason 时，一般用why 。 why在句中作原因状语。 We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come . 四、注意事项：
1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。The story _____ he told was very popular .
A.who B.whom C.whose D. /
2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。
I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs ./She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard . 3.定语从句中whose 的确定：无论先行词是人或物，在定语从句中做定语用whose。 判断：看定语从句的主语前有无限定词（my、your、Jim’s等），若没有，则用whose 。 The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .A. who B. whose C. which D. that
专题十九 [简单句和并列句]
引言：※句子的分类。根据语气可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。根据结构可分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。 ※简单句是只包括一个主谓结构的句子。 ※并列句是包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，句子之间常用并列连词连接。常见的连词有and, but, 主语： 定语：( ) or, so等。
谓语： 状语：[ ] 一、常见的五种基本句型。
〈 〉 1. Ｓ＋Ｖ，主谓，谓语动词一般为不及物动词； 宾语： 宾补：表语： ①The bus stopped. ② Tom has arrived S Vi .
2.Ｓ＋Ｖ＋Ｐ，主谓（系）表，谓语动词一般为连系动词；
（表语可以是名词，形容词，动词不定式、动名词短语、介词短语或句子等）。
连系动词主要有：be(am, is, are), look(看起来), sound（听起来）, smell（闻起来）, taste（尝起来）, feel（感到，摸起来）；stay/keep(保持)；seem(好像，似乎). turn/get/become/grow(变得); appear(呈现)：appear red
①The skirt looks beautiful. ② she is a student. ③ My dream is to be a teacher. S V P
3.Ｓ＋Ｖ＋O，主谓宾，谓语动词一般为及物动词，如果是不及物动词，后面要跟介词再接宾
语；
①I like English. ②She likes watching TV. ③She wants to go shopping. S V O
4.Ｓ＋Ｖ＋Ｏ＋OC，主谓宾补，宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、动词不定式等. ①I find English [easy]. ②They keep their eyes [closed]. S V O OC
③She asked me [to go shopping]. ④She makes me [laugh]. 5. Ｓ＋Ｖ＋ＩＯ＋ＤＯ，主谓双宾，接双宾语的动词有buy, give, show, tell, teach, offer,
provide
一般物为直接宾语（DO），人为间接宾语（IO）。 (give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. ) ①She gave me a pen. ②She buy me a pen. S V IO DO
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二、常见的并列句：
(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…,as well as等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示平行关系、顺接关系、对照关系、先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。
(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or, otherwise, either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
①Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema．（or译为：或者） ②Hurry up, or you will miss the early bus. （or译为：否则）
(3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but, yet, still ,however, while(而)等,前后分句时态一致。 ①It has no mouth, but it can talk. （前后彼此矛盾，表示转折）
②School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. （前后彼此矛盾，表示转折） ③He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. （前后不矛盾，只是表示转折）
(4) 说明原因或理由, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。
(5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead．
三、反意疑问句： 见专题
四、选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句 1) 构成：(1)一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？ (2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项？ 2) 选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如： ①Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl.②Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please.
五、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。
▲祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他 如：①Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) ②Shut up! (住嘴！)
▲ 祈使句的否定式：Don’t +动词原形 + 其他
如：①Please don’t talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。)② Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。)
以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面③Let’s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。) 肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：④Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)（do起强调作用） ▲注意祈使句在复合句和其它一些情况下看作将来时：
⑤ Please call me when she comes back. (主将从现)⑥ -----Don’t bring it here tomorrow. ---OK, I won’t.
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