Introduction to Translation Studies
研究 Study:
a careful examination or analysis of a phenomenon, development, or question. (Longman) 学术研究 Research:
1.careful or systematic search or inquiry
2.scientific or scholarly inquiry; esp study or experiment aimed at the discovery, interpretation, reinterpretation, or implication of (new) facts, theories, or laws. (Longman) 翻译概论大部分是决策理论，例如翻译目的、标准、技巧方法、原则策略 相关学科理论用于翻译实践都是基础理论。相关学科理论与实践的关系密切程度大体上排列如下：语言文化对比、功能语言学、语义学、文体学、修辞学、符号学。 How to define translation ?
1) Changing ( speech or writing) from one language into another ( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English);
2) Giving the meaning of ( something said or written) inanother language (The Advanced Learner’s Dictionaryof Current English);
3) Expressing in another language, systematically,retaining the original sense ( American HeritageDictionary)
Sub-disciplines of Translation Studies
? Generallinguistics; ? Semantics; ? Pragmatics;
? Social-linguistics; ? Semiotics; ? Stylistics
? Text-linguistics; ? Discourse analysis; ? Rhetoric; ? Aesthetics;
? Literary criticism;
Literature
Translation Norms in China
In the modern time the most influential norms were Yan Fu’s “ faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” （信、达、雅）on the one hand and Lu Xun’s principle “rather to be faithful in thought than smooth in the language”（宁信而不顺）on the other. Both Yan Fu and Lu Xun laid much stress on the principle of being faithful in thought.
Yan Fu: Transaltion involves three requirements difficult to fulfill: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” （译事三难 信、达、雅）
faithfulness—to be faithful to the content of the original expressiveness—to be as expressive as the original elegance—refinement of written language
Lin Yutang: faithfulness, smoothness and beauty” （信、顺、美） The Art of Life 《生活的艺术》
My Country and My People 《吾国与吾民》
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Moment in Peking 《京华烟云》
永和九年，岁在癸(guǐ）丑。暮春之初，会于会(kuài)稽山阴之兰亭，修禊(xì)事也。群贤毕至，少长(zhǎng)咸集。此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，映带左右,引以为流觞(shāng)曲水，列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。
It is the ninth year of Yonghe (A.C.353), also known as the year of Guichou in terms of the Chinese lunar calendar. On one of those late spring days, we gather at the Orchid Pavilion, which is located in Shanyin County, Kuaiji Prefecture, for dispelling bad luck and praying for good fortune.The attendees of the gathering are all virtuous intellectuals, varying from young to old. Endowed with great mountains and lofty peaks, Orchid Pavilion has flourishing branches and high bamboo bushes all around, together with a clear winding brook engirdled, which can thereby serve the guests by floating the wine glasses on top for their drinking. Seated by the bank of brook, people will still regale themselves right by poetizing their mixed feelings and emotions with wine and songs, never mind the absence of melody from string and wind instruments. In his “Translator’s Note to the Balsac’s Works, Fu Lei says:
“ So far as the effectiveness is concerned, translation is done just in the same way as the copying of a painting. What really counts is being alike not in appearance but in spirit.”（以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。）, which can be summarised as “神似” (spiritual resemblance)
In The 1960’s, Qian Zhongshu put forth the principle of “reaching the acme of perfection, the ultimate of transmutation”(“化境”). Fortress Besieged 《围城》
Reflections in Literary Appreciation 《谈艺录》 Selected and Annotated Poems of the Song Dynasty 《宋词选注》
Limited Views: Essays on Ideas and Letters 《管锥编》 Men are good in one way, but bad in many. 人之善者同出一辙，人之恶者殊途多方。 Get a livelihood, and then practise virtue. 先谋生而后修身。
许渊冲,1921年生于江西南昌。他曾毕业于西南联合大学、为美国志愿来华空军做英文翻译、在法国巴黎大学等高校进修深造,后任教于北京外国语大学、北京大学等多所高校。他是将中国诗词译成英法韵文的第一人,从事文学翻译几十年间,使世界了解到唐诗宋词元曲的精妙,领悟到《诗经》、《楚辞》的内涵,并已出版中英法译著120余部。1999年他被提名为“诺贝尔文学奖”候选人,2014年荣获“国际译联杰出文学翻译奖”。
Xu Yuanchong (许渊冲) Literary Beauty Excelling the Original the notion of Rivalry （竞赛论）
He summarizes his theory in ten Chinese characters: 美化之艺术，创优似竞赛。
Translation is a creative art; to translate is to and engage in a contest between the two languages and two cultures concerned.
creative resemblance to the original in form, meaning or overall spirit （形似 意似 神似） the aesthetic qualities in form, sound and meaning of the two languages （形美 音美 意美 ） 《送孟浩然之广陵》李白
故人西辞黄鹤楼, 烟花三月下扬州。 孤帆远影碧空尽, 唯见长江天际流。
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My friend has left the west where the Yellow Crane towers,
For Yangzhou in spring green with willows and red with flowers . His lessening sail is lost in the boundless blue sky , Where I see but the endless River rolling by . 《秋夕》杜牧
银烛秋光冷画屏, 轻罗小扇扑流萤。 天阶夜色凉如水, 卧看牵牛织女星。
The painted screen is chilled in silver candle -light, She uses silken fan to catch passing fireflies.
The steps seem steeped in water when cold grows the night, She lies watching heart-broken stars shed tears in the skies. Selected Western Translation Theories Cicero 西塞罗 古罗马哲学家
译作应当超过原作。译文应符合译入语的习惯，要保留语言的总的风格和感染力。(preserve the general style and force of the language)
Alexander Fraser Tytler 亚历山大?弗雷泽?泰特勒 英国爱丁堡大学教授
Essay on the Principles of Translation 《论翻译的原则》
1) The Translation should give a complete transcript of theideas of the original work.
2) The style and manner of writing should be of the samecharacter with that of the original. 3) The Translation should have all the case of originalcomposition. Theodore Savory 西奥多?塞弗里 The Art of Translation 《翻译的艺术》
1) A translation must give the words and ideas of the original. 2) A translation should read like an original work.
3) A translation should reflect the style of the original andpossess the style of the original. The Structuralist School 结构主义学派
Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of human culture must be understood in trems of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure Important Figure
Roman Jacobson 罗曼?雅各布森 俄罗斯语言学家 布拉格学派(Prague School of
Linguistic Theory)的创建人, 对语言学、文学理论、符号学贡献巨大，首次提出翻译中的“对等” (equivalence)概念
On Linguistic Aspects of Translation
The Linguistic School of Translation Studies 语言学学派
It pays much attentionn to the resaerch and analysis of the linguistic phenomena during the process of translating. Important Figures
1. J.C.Catford 卡特福德 One of the Founders of Translation Lingustics 英国爱丁堡大学语言学家、翻译学家
a representative figure of London Linguistics School
A Linguistic Theory of Translation—An Essay in Applied Lingustics 《翻译的语言学理论》 J.C.Catford 卡特福德
Formal correspondence applies to any TL category which may be said to occupy, as nearly as
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possible, the same place in the economy of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL. 形式对等关系是指任何译语范畴在译语的“机体”中尽可能占有与该源语范畴在源语中占有的同等地位。
He also puts forward the idea of translation shifts. Shifts means departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. 转换就是从源语到目的语的过程中偏离了形式上的对等。
SL: Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart!
TL: 难道就因为我一贫如洗、默默无闻、长相平庸、个子瘦小，就没有灵魂，没有心肠了？——你不是想错了吗？——我的心灵跟你一样丰富，我的心胸跟你一样充实。
2. Peter Newmark 彼得?纽马克 One of the Founders of Translation Studies 英国萨里大学翻译家、翻译理论家
Approaches to Translation 《翻译探索》 A Textbook of Translation 《翻译教程》
Most important and distinguished concepts in his translation theory
Communicative translation （交际翻译）attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original
Semantic translation（语义翻译）attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language, the exact contextual meaning of the original
Newmark deems that translation is a skill and an art as well as a science. He defines multiple functions of language: expressive function （表达功能）semantic translation
informative function （信息功能）, vocative function （呼唤功能）, phatic function（交际功能）, aesthetic function （审美功能） and metalingual function （元语言功能）communicative translation
The School of Communicative Translation
交际翻译学派 theoretical foundations are communication theory and sociolinguistics (It covers a variety of different interests in language and society. It is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers) Important Figure
Eugene Nida 尤金?奈达
美国语言学家、翻译家、翻译理论家
The Theory and Practice of Translation 《翻译的理论与实践》 From One Language to Another《从一种语言到另一种语言》 Language Culture and Translating 《语言文化与翻译》
Eugene Nida first coined the two approaches to translation, namely formal equivalence (F-E) anddynamic equivalence (D-E).
F-E focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. D-E emphasizes the equivalence-effect principle and on the readers' response.
Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.
——Book of Proverbs from the Holy Bible 《圣经?箴言》 Functional Theories of Translation 翻译功能理论 Important Figures
Katharina Reiss 卡塔琳娜? 赖斯
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德国功能翻译理论创始人之一，第一个将语言功能与翻译结合起来
Her text type （文本类型）: a phenomenon going beyond a single linguistic or cultural context Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations 《翻译批评的可能性与局限性》 Hans Vermeer 汉斯?弗米尔 Jeremy Munday杰里米? 芒迪 德国语言学家与翻译理论家
Skopos Theory （目的论）assumes that a translation always has a skopos, which may often differ from that of the source text. The skopos is the highest determining factor influencing thetranslator's decisions.
Christiane Nord 克里斯蒂安?诺德 与汉斯?弗米尔共同提出“目的论”
A text is made meaningful by the receiver and for the receiver. 文本只有被接受者理解并且要让他们理解才有意义。
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Our company's stocks of dozens of species (a total of 500,000-odd saplings) are sufficient to meet the demand of urban tree planting. http://www.cnki.net 中国知网
http://www.tac-online.org.cn 中国翻译协会 Further Reading
《翻译概论》 许钧 外语教学与研究出版社 2009
《翻译概论》 董晓波 (南京师大) 对外经济贸易大学出版社 2012
《翻译与翻译研究概论—认知?视角?课题》谭载喜 中国对外翻译出版有限公司 2012 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》 著者：杰里米?芒迪 （英国利兹大学） Introducing Translation Studies：Theories and Application 商务印书馆 2013 Further Reading
《翻译概论》 许钧 外语教学与研究出版社 2009
《翻译概论》 董晓波 (南京师大) 对外经济贸易大学出版社 2012
《翻译与翻译研究概论—认知?视角?课题》谭载喜 中国对外翻译出版有限公司 2012 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》 著者：杰里米?芒迪 （英国利兹大学） Introducing Translation Studies：Theories and Application 商务印书馆 2013
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