中考名词冠词代词数词复习
教学目标:中考名词冠词代词数词综合复习。
教学内容:
一、名词
I. 名词的种类: 专有名词 国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称 II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 1 2 3 4 5 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 加-s 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 物质名词 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s 一般加-es 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 7 8 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s 2. 不规则名词复数: 规则 例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, couple, group, government, population, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 1 2 3 4 5 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 单复数相同 只有复数形式 一些集体名词总是用作复数 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) 6 复数形式表示特别含义 加-s 单复数同形 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 表示7 “某国人” 8 合成 Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese Englishmen, Frenchwomen sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 1 / 6
名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 表示性别,将两部分变为复数
III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加’s 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ 不规则复数名词后加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, the children’s toys, women’s rights, Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches women singers, men teachers 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 表示时间 表示自然现象 表示国家城市等地方的名词 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 某些固定词组 3. of所有格的用法:
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples the life’s time, the play’s plot a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 【名词易错考题分析】
1. _______ fathers made them have piano lessons.
A. Peter and Ann’s B. Peter’s and Ann’s C. Peter’s and Ann D. Peter and Ann
【解析】此题容易误选A或C。错误的原因是由于受思维定势的影响。平时考生们做多了“This is Lucy and Lily’s bedroom. ”这样的题,那么一看到这样的题就想到只是在后面一个单词后面用所有格。其实,到底用一个所有格,还是用两个所有格,取决于它们所修饰的名词:如果所修饰的名词是单数可数名词,就只在后面一个名词后面用所有格;如果所修饰的名词是复数可数名词,就两个名词都用所有格。答案为B。
2. There are a lot _______ people today than yesterday. A. of
B. / C. most D. more
【解析】此题容易误选A。有不少考生因受“ a lot of +名词”这一思维定势的影响,一看到a lot,就选择了A。其实,该句中的a lot是用来修饰形容词的比较级more的,than引导的是比较状语从句。答案为D。 3. “Excuse me, are you _______? ” “No, we are _______. ” A. American, Englishman
B. American, Germans C. American, Germen D. Englishman, Americans
【解析】先从词性来看,American 和 German 既可以用作名词也可以用作形容词,用作名词时,其复数形式分别为Americans 和 Germans;选项中的Englishman只能用作名词,其复数形式是Englishmen。先看第一空:如果单从Excuse me, are you _______?来看,要是填Englishman,就应该在其前加不定冠词,即说成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是,根据答语中的 we are…可知,问句中的you 其实是指“你”,而是指“你们”,所以如果用Englishman,就应换成 Englishmen 才对。由此可排除选项D。再看第二空:由于German的复数是Germans,不是Germen,由此可确定C错误;再根据we are… 2 / 6
可知,其后若用名词Englishman,必须要用复数Englishmen,而不能是单数,所以排除A。所以此题答案为B。 4. Come on, kids. Help yourselves to some_________ if you like. A. fish and chicken
B. fishes and chicken C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens
[答案]A。[解析]fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。 5. She is not young because she has . A. a little white hair B. a few white hairs C. little white hair D. few white hairs
[答案]B。[解析]有一些词如hair(头发),fruit(水果),通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称; 但表示“几根头发” “若干种水果”时,则要用复数形式,如:a few white hairs几根白发several foreign fruits几种外国水果
6. —Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well.—Well, I'd like to try those blue__________. A.pairs
B.one
C.pant
D.pair
[答案]A。[解析]pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。 7. ―How's Joy's skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than . A. her sister's and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kate's D. her sister's and Kate's
[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。
8. —Come and see me in .—With pleasure.That’s what I'm expecting. A.two or three days' B.two or three day's time 故选C。
二、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 表示“每一”相当于every,one 表示“相同”相当于the same 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 用于固定词组中 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 II. 定冠词的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 用于乐器前面 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs He is the taller of the two children. the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French The compass was invented in China. A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you. We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. C.two or three days' time
答案:C解析:in后接一段时间,此处表示“两三天的时间”,要用名词所有格形式,因two or three days是复数,直接加“”’,
3 / 6
10 11 12 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 用于表示单位的名词前 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 in the 1990’s I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
【冠词易错考题分析】
1. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______ second. A. /
B. the
C. a D. an
【解析】此题容易误选B。这是由于思维定势引起的,很多同学认为这里的second是序数词,前面应该用定冠词the修饰。其实,second是“秒”的意思。正确答案为C。
2. _______ India and China are of _______ same continent. A. /; the B. The ; the
C. /; /
D. /; a
【解析】此题容易误选D。这是由于受汉语思维的影响造成的,因为译成汉语时这句话的意思是“印度和中国在同一个大洲”,汉语里说“同一个”,在英语中要说“the same”,这就是此题的陷阱所在。正确答案为A。 3. As _____ writer, he was _____ complete failure.
A. a, a B. a, the C. 不填,不填 D. a, 不填 【解析】选A,其中的 failure 在此指“失败的人”,为可数名词。
4. The education of ______ young is always ______ hot and serious topic. A. 不填, 不填 B. the, a C. 不填, the D. the, 不填
【解析】选B。the young 意为“年轻人”,定冠词用于某些形容词前表示一类人或事物;第二空填不定冠词修饰名词 topic。 5. In the market, vegetables are sold by _______ kilogram, I mean, by _______ weight. A. the; 不填 B.不填; 不填 C. the; the D.不填;the
【解析】选A。介词by表示“以…计”时,若后接单数可数名词,其前要用定冠词,如:by the week 按周,按星期 / by the ton 按吨 / by the yard 按码 / by the meter 按米;若后接抽象名词,则通常不用冠词,如:by volume 按体积 / by weight 按重量。
6. — Did you happen to see _______ black and _______ white cat? —Sorry, I didn’t. Are they missing? A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; the
【解析】选C。Are they missing? 中的代词they 是一个很重要的信息词,它表明是两只猫而不是一只猫,所以C。the black and the white cat 可视为 the black cat and the white cat 之省略。若选A,则表示“一只黑白相间的猫”。
三.代词:
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: 1 人主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 4 / 6 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 表示泛指的复数名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals.
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