阅读与写作讲义

英语阅读与写作常见问题及例释

1，阅读理解中如何处理难于理解的长句子？

例1：Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.

步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句

Places that until recently were deaf and dumb are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. ?Places are rapidly acquiring up-to-date telecommunications. 步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质

a. that until recently were deaf and dumb b. that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. 以上两句中，that 均作关系代词，分别是动词 were 和 will let 的主语，由此可知，两个句子都是限定性定语从句，可以理解为（……的……）的结构 步骤三：判断从句与主句（主句中的某些成分）的关系

a. that until recently were deaf and dumb 是修饰先行词 places

b. that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment. 是修饰先行词 telecommunications 步骤四：理解

（a. that until recently were deaf and dumb=以往通讯闭塞的）地方（places）已经快速获得了日新月异的而且（b. that will let them promote both internal and foreign investment.=可以提高国内外投资量）的通讯方式（telecommunications）.

例2：All these developing regions see advanced communications as a way to leap over whole stages of economic development. 步骤一：确定句子的主干

All these developing regions see advanced communications as a way. 步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质

to leap over whole stages of economic development. 动词不定式to leap over 做的是修饰性成分 步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系

as a way to leap over whole stages of economic development. 动词不定式短语修饰的是先行词way 步骤四：理解

很多发展中的地区都把先进的通讯方式看作是一种（ to leap over whole stages of economic development=完全超过经济发展水平的）方式（way）.

例3：Widespread access to information technologies, for example, promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering, marketing, and design. 步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句

Widespread access to information technologies promises to condense the time. 步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质

步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质

过去分词短语required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries

关系代词that引导定语从句：that involve engineering, marketing, and design. 步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系

过去分词短语required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries修饰的是the time

关系代词that引导定语从句：that involve engineering, marketing, and design. 饰的是industries 步骤四：理解

广泛引用信息技术可以进一步节约（required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries=用于从劳动密集型产业转向that involve engineering, marketing, and design.=包括工程技术、市场营销和设计）的新产业（industries）的时间（the time）.

例4：Many experts think Vietnam is going too far by requiring that all mobile phones be expensive digital models, when it is desperate for any phones, period.

步骤一：确定句子的主干, 或主句

Many experts think Vietnam is going too far 步骤二：根据非谓语动词成分（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语或独立结构），判断它们的性质，继而确定各成分的性质

步骤二：根据各从句的关系词语，判断它们的性质，继而确定各从句的性质

介词短语by requiring

关系词that引导宾语从句that all mobile phones be expensive digital models, 关系副词when引导状语从句when it is desperate for any phones, period. 步骤三：判断这些成分与主干中相关成分的关系

介词短语by requiring是主句的方式状语

从句that all mobile phones be expensive digital models是requiring的宾语 关系副词when引导状语从句when it is desperate for any phones, period.是主句的时间/条件状语

步骤四：理解

（when it is desperate for any phones, period.=当使用电话还是比较遥远的奢望的时候）越南的技术革新有些超前了（by requiring that all mobile phones be expensive digital models,=还是通过让所有的手机都成为昂贵的数字化机器）

2，阅读理解中如何处理不认识的单词？

例文：

That leaves private industry—computer, phone, and cable companies—to move into the vacuum left by the government’s absence. And while these industries are pioneering the most exciting new technologies, some critics fear that profit-minded companies will only develop services for the wealthy. “If left in the hands of private enterprise, the data highway could become little more than a synthetic universe for the rich,” worries Jeffrey Chester, president of the Center for Media Education in Washington D.C.

Advocates for the poor want the companies building the data highway to devote a portion of their profits to insuring universal access. Advocates of universal access have already launched a number of projects of their own. In Berkeley, California, the city’s Community Memory Project has placed computer terminals in public buildings and subway stations, where a message can be sent for 25 cents. In Santa Monica, California, computers have replaced typewriters in all public libraries, and anyone, not just librarians, can send correspondence via computer.

步骤一：确定生词的词性

1, cable 在原文中位于computer, phone, and cable companies 可以得出 cable company 是与computer company和phone company并列的，可知cable 为名词

2, vacuum前有the，并且含有名词后缀-um，为名词

3,pioneering 前有系动词are, 自身又是-ing形式，可知是现在进行时形式的动词

4, profit-minded “x+N.-ed”结构表明此合成词为形容词，如warm-hearted 5, enterprise在“A of B”结构中，为名词

6,synthetic “a synthetic universe”短语，说明synthetic为形容词（有形容词后缀-ic）universe 为名词 7,universe 同上

8，Advocates 做动词want的主语，是名词

9, portion 前有冠词a,并且有名词后缀-ion,为名词

10，launched 处在助动词have之后，是动词的过去分词，为完成时态的动词 11，terminals 做动词has placed 的宾语，为名词 12， typewriters 做have replaced的宾语，为名词 13，correspondence 做can send 的宾语，为名词

步骤二：根据生词的词性，寻找上下文搭配关系线索

1, cable 在原文中位于computer, phone, and cable companies 可以得出 cable是与computer和phone有类比意义

2，根据原文the vacuum left by the government’s absence可知，vacuum 与absence意思有关

3,根据原文?are pioneering the most exciting new technologies可知，pioneering 与new 有关

4，根据原文profit-minded companies will only develop services for the wealthy可知profit-minded与wealthy有关

5, 根据private industry 和private enterprise的表达，可知enterprise与industry和company有类比意义

6，7,根据原文data highway could become little more than a synthetic universe for the rich可知，synthetic universe是由data highway变来(become)的

8,9, 根据原文Advocates for the poor want the companies building the data highway to devote a portion of their profits to insuring universal access.可知advocates是一类人，且支持穷人（for the poor）；portion 是被贡献的利润(devote?their profits)的属性

10,lauched 的宾语是a number of projects of their (advocates) own 11，根据原文has placed computer terminals in public buildings and subway stations,可知terminals是与computer有关的安装（have placed）在公共建筑和地铁站（public buildings and subway stations）的东西

12, typewriters是图书馆里被电脑（computer）替换（have replaced）的东西

13, 根据原文can send correspondence via computer.可知，correspondence是一种由电脑（computer）发送（can send）的东西

答案：

1, cable n.有线网络 2, vacuum n.空缺

3,pioneer vt.充当??先锋；试制

4, profit-minded a.利润至上的；只关心利润的 5, enterprise n. 产业；企业 6,synthetic a. 合成的；制造的

7,universe n. 宇宙；世界；环境；??的整体 8，Advocates n. 鼓吹者；支持者 9, portion n. 部分；份额 10，launch vt. 发射；开发

11，terminals n. 终点站；终端设备 12， typewriters n. 打字机

13，correspondence n. 信件；邮件；通讯

方法与原则

1，寻找动宾关系，可以依据搭配意义，猜动词和做宾语的名词、 2，依据类比关系，可以猜词

3，根据上下文无法翻译的词，可以知道大概意义的域